Abstract
The objective of our study was to investigate changes in cell morphology and viability after sonoporation. Sonoportion was achieved by ultrasound (21 kHz) exposure on adherent human prostate cancer DU145 cells in the cell culture dishes with the presence of microbubble contrast agents and calcein (a cell impermeant dye). We investigated changes in cell morphology immediately after sonoporation under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and changes in cell viability immediately and 6 h after sonoporation under fluorescence microscope. It was shown that various levels of intracellular calcein uptake and changes in cell morphology can be caused immediately after sonoporation: smooth cell surface, pores in the membrane and irregular cell surface. Immediately after sonoporation, both groups of cells with high levels of calcein uptake and low levels of calcein uptake were viable; 6 h after sonoporation, group of cells with low levels of calcein uptake still remained viable, while group of cells with high levels of calcein uptake died. Sonoporation induces different effects on cell morphology, intracellular calcein uptake and cell viability.
Highlights
Conventional drug delivery systems, such as systemic administration via intravenous injection or oral administration, are often not sufficient for delivery of therapeutic compounds such as proteins and genes [, ]
Our findings revealed ALI could improve the myocardial fibrosis demonstrated by Sirius red staining, reduce the renin activity (RA) and angiotensin II (Ang II) levels in the ventricle and the expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) /, PERK / and MMP as compared to the DOCA treated animals
Our results showed the expressions of ERK / and PERK / in the ALI group were markedly decreased when compared with the DOC group
Summary
Conventional drug delivery systems, such as systemic administration via intravenous injection or oral administration, are often not sufficient for delivery of therapeutic compounds such as proteins and genes [ , ]. A recent development in delivery systems for therapeutic compounds is ultrasound (US)-aided intracellular delivery [ - ]. It has been demonstrated that US can achieve efficient intracellular delivery of a variety of drugs and/or genes [ - ]. Sonoporation is defined as the formation of transient, nonspecific pores or openings in the cellular membranes upon US exposure was commonly considered as the main mechanism of action for efficient drug delivery [ - ]. US was applied to adherent cells in the cell culture dishes in order to establish a model of heterogeneity in sonoporation. The possible mechanism of action was studied by observing changes in cell morphology immediately after sonoporation using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and cell viability immediately and h after sonoporation using fluorescence microscope
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