Direct and indirect oxidations by peroxynitrite, neither involving the hydroxyl radical

Abstract

A new mechanism (Mechanism III) that combines features of mechanisms suggested earlier (Goldstein and Czapski, Inorg. Chem. 34:4041–4048; 1995; Pryor, Jin, and Squadrito Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11173–11177; 1994) is proposed for oxidations by peroxynitrite. In Mechanism III, oxidations by peroxynitrite can take place either directly by ground-state peroxynitrous acid, ONOOH, or indirectly by ONOOH∗, where ONOOH∗ is an activated form of peroxynitrous acid. In the direct oxidation pathway the reaction is first order in peroxynitrite and first order in substrate, and the oxidation yield approaches 100%. In the indirect oxidation pathway the reaction is first order in peroxynitrite and zero order in substrate. In the presence of sufficient concentrations of a substrate that reacts by the indirect oxidation pathway, about 50–60% of the ONOOH directly isomerizes to nitric acid, and about 40–50% of the ONOOH is converted into ONOOH*. Thus, the oxidation yields by the indirect pathway will not exceed 40–50%, and there will always be a residual yield of nitrate even in the presence of very high concentrations of the substrate. Competitive inhibition studies with various free radical scavengers showed that in some cases these scavengers have no effect on oxidation yields. In others, only partial inhibition was observed, far less than that predicted from to the known rate constants for the reactions of these scavengers with the hydroxyl radical. There are some cases where the extent of inhibition correlates well with the known rate constants of the reactions of these scavengers with hydroxyl radical; nevertheless, even in these cases, the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in indirect oxidations by peroxynitrite is ruled out on the basis of kinetics and oxidation yields. Thus, direct oxidations by peroxynitrite are explained in terms of ONOOH, and indirect oxidations in terms of ONOOH∗, and substrates can react by one or both of these pathways.