Abstract
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a close-range remote-sensing tool applied in a great many near-surface projects for engineering or environmental purposes. In GPR B-scans, there may exist a variety of reflections and diffractions that corresponds to different structures and targets in the subsurface media, and the noise is always embedded. To assist in the interpretation, GPR B-scans can be generally divided into two parts according to the dip attribute of the reflections, where the sub-horizontal layers and dipping structures are properly separated. In this work, we extend the f - x empirical mode decomposition (f - x EMD) to form a semi-adaptive dip filter for GPR data. In f - x domain, each frequency slice is decomposed by EMD and reconstructed to form a dipping profile and a horizontal profile respectively, where the reflections at different dips are separated adaptively. Then the noises mixed in the dipping profile are further separated by rank-deduction methods in f - x domain. The above two-step scheme constitutes the hybrid scheme, which can separate the dipping structures, sub-horizontal layers, and most of the random noise in GPR B-scans. We briefly review the basics of the f - x EMD, and then introduce the derived hybrid scheme in f - x domain. The proposed method is tested by the synthetic data, the forward simulation data, and the field data, respectively.
Highlights
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been one of the most significant geophysical techniques and applied in a great many near-surface projects for engineering or environmental purposes
We apply the proposed method to the field GPR data shown in Figure 9, which is collected by the 250 MHz shielded antenna of the MALÅ system at the IFSTTAR Geophysical Test Site, France [23]
The primary separation results of the field GPR data using the f - x empirical mode decomposition (EMD) are shown in Figures 10–12, in which the horizontal profiles of different mode are presented by (a) and the dipping profiles of different mode are presented by (b)
Summary
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been one of the most significant geophysical techniques and applied in a great many near-surface projects for engineering or environmental purposes. It features the non-invasive way of prospecting and the high resolution of the observed data [1,2]. As to different prospecting purposes, all the above contents can be the targets of the survey, and the noise is inevitably mixed into the GPR data during acquisition due to the unstable equipment conditions In some cases, these complex contents in the B-scans are not easy to identify, and the interpretation work may be time-consuming and relies on the skilled interpreters in their experience. If the reflections of the different structures and targets in the subsurface media, as well as the embedded noise can be separated according to the dip attributes or features, it is beneficial to the post-processing steps and the interpretation work
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