Abstract
Due to the development of Industrialization and urbanization, a wide variety of industrial and consumer products, by products and solid waste has been produced. The solid waste generated constitutes the hazardous substance which possesses certain impacts on humans and their environment. In that heavy metal pollution from industries are the serious environmental problems. Rapid development in industries in the last few decades resulted in the strenuous task for finding to manage the waste generated. These hazardous solid wastes have been formulated into reusable end product by the process of bioremediation. Bioremediation is a natural process, which involves the use of organism to remove or neutralize the toxic pollutant from the contamination site. This review focus on the toxic effects of heavy metals on the environment and on the human health as well as the possible bioremediation method of these metals using fungus and earthworm. In order to conserve the environment and resources, the biological remediation by both fungus and earthworm for heavy metals and their efficiency have been summarised in detail.
Highlights
The production of solid waste is one of the serious environmental issues in developing countries, which needs special attention
Microbes like fungus, bacteria and algae have been effectively used as adsorbing agents for removal of heavy metals (Terres et al, 1998; Munoz et al, 2006; Munoz and Guieysse, 2006).The high surface to volume ratio of microorganisms and their capability to detoxify metals are among the reasons that they are considered as potential alternative to synthetic resins for remediation of heavy metal contaminated liquid and solid wastes (Kapoor et al, 1999; Magyarosy et al, 2002)
This review focuses on both the population of fungus and earthworm can be able to survive and even flourish in environments contaminated with heavy metals
Summary
The production of solid waste is one of the serious environmental issues in developing countries, which needs special attention. Twelve states of the country (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan) account for about 97 % of the total waste generation Among these hazardous waste, the presence of heavy metals in the solid waste plays a major role in the contamination of the environment. There are numerous techniques to remove these heavy metals, including chemical precipitation, oxidation or reduction, filtration, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane technology, evaporation and electrochemical treatment Most of these techniques become ineffective, when the concentrations of heavy metals are less than 100 mg/L (Ahluwalia and Goyal et al, 2007). The composting worm can be used to reduce the remaining heavy metal concentration and convert the industrial solid waste into nutrient rich bio-fertilizers
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