Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: causes, pathology, and emerging treatments

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Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by aggressive behavior and significant heterogeneity. Understanding the causes, pathology, and emerging treatments for DLBCL is essential for improving patient outcomes. This review synthesizes current research on the causes, molecular pathology, and novel treatment strategies for DLBCL, drawing on data from recent clinical trials, genetic studies, and advancements in therapeutic approaches. Genetic mutations such as translocations involving BCL-2, BCL-6, and MYC genes, along with chronic infections and immune deficiencies, are key risk factors for DLBCL. Pathologically, DLBCL can be classified into germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtypes, with differing prognoses. Emerging treatments include targeted therapies like BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib) and BCL-2 inhibitors (venetoclax), immunotherapies such as CAR T-cell therapy, and epigenetic modulators like HDAC inhibitors. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is revolutionizing personalized medicine in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by enabling the identification of specific genetic mutations. Coupled with advancements in molecular pathology, NGS is driving the development of targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and epigenetic modulators. These innovations are collectively transforming the treatment landscape for DLBCL, offering more precise and effective therapeutic options tailored to individual genetic profiles. Continued research and clinical trials are essential for further refining these therapies and enhancing their effectiveness.