Abstract
Whether these originate from embryonic stem (hES) cells or induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells, it is clear that human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells can potentially differentiate into a plethora of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers. It is nevertheless challenging to guide hPS cells towards differentiation along a desired lineage in terms of cells due to variations in their differentiation abilities. Recent studies have demonstrated that interactions between the physical microenvironments of stem cells and the stem cells themselves are critical in the establishment of stem cell differentiation. This chapter examines physical cues from synthetic and natural materials that help direct the differentiation of hiPS and hES cells into a variety of lineages. Particular focus is placed on how the fate of hPS cell differentiation is shaped by three factors, namely (1) the elasticity of materials chosen for hPS cell cultivation, (2) the topography of the materials used in this process and (3) the mechanical forces associated with the materials (electrical and stretching stimulation via materials) for hPS cell cultivation. Cell morphology, focal adhesions, and cell phenotype can be affected by the elastic properties of materials for stem cell cultivation, which can control cell attachment. As cell functions are controlled by a complex topographical niche in vivo, including extracellular matrix geometry, nano- and microscale topographic surfaces guide stem cell differentiation fates.
Published Version
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