Abstract
In this work, the characterization of white and red wines from Austria and Argentina was carried out based on the isotopic and multi-elemental profile data. They were determined using vanguard techniques such as isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In particular, Al, As, B, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Zn, δ18O, and δ13C were determined. The results show that the samples of wines from Argentina generally present higher concentrations of the elements analyzed compared to Austrian wines. δ18O values from wine water were characteristic of each country, while δ13C values from ethanol did not present any geographical distinction. Linear discriminant analysis using isotopes and elements allowed us to classify 100% of the wines according to the origin and additionally, 98.4% when separately investigating red and white wines. The elements Sr, Li, V, Pb, B, Mn, Co, Rb, As, Na, Mg, Zn, and δ18O were identified as sensitive indicators capable of differentiate wines according to their production origin. Furthermore, Sr, Li, Na, δ13C, δ18O, Ca, B, Fe, Mn, V, Mg, Co, and Zn contributed to the differentiation of wines according to origin and color. To our knowledge, it is the first work that involves the measurement of a wide range of elements and stable isotopes in white and red wines in Argentina, as well as in Austria. This research highlights the power of the application of stable isotopes and multi-element data in multivariate statistical analysis, in order to obtain an accurate differentiation of wines origin.
Highlights
Wine is a unique and widely-consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide since early civilization (Vystavna et al, 2014)
Considering that some elements exhibit a good correspondence between its content in both soil and wine, the results obtained would indicate that the geochemical or soil composition is very different between countries, and presumably, the Argentine soil has higher levels of metals than the Austrian soil
The original contributions generated for the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s. This is the first report for a wide variety of elements and stable isotopes, from both Argentinean and Austrian origins, in white and red wines
Summary
Wine is a unique and widely-consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide since early civilization (Vystavna et al, 2014). Wine production is a major economic agricultural activity and its commercial value is derived significantly by the geographic area, year of grape production, cultivation and quality (Raco et al, 2015). It is viewed as a luxury product, which makes it highly susceptible to fraud and adulteration (Ranaweera et al, 2021). The stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) value of wine ethanol are closely related to the origin of fermented sugar and can be affected by climatic factors, especially drought stress (Roßmann et al, 1996, Horacek et al, 2015)
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