Abstract
Training in neurofeedback (NF) reduces the symptomatology associated with attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, ADHD differs in terms of the type of presentation, i.e., inattentive (ADHD-I), impulsive/hyperactive (ADHD-HI), or combined (ADHD-C). This study examines the efficacy of NF in ADHD presentations. Participants were 64 students (8–12 years old). Cortical activation, executive control, and observed symptomatology by parents were assessed. Results indicated that ADHD-C and ADHD-HI demonstrated greater improvements than ADHD-I. It was concluded that this kind of training produces an improvement and that it is necessary to explore it further in terms of the protocol used.
Highlights
Attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is understood as a persistent pattern of inattentive, restless, and impulsive behavior which is more frequent and severe than that typically observed in subjects at a similar stage of development [1]
The subjects in the ADHD groups had been diagnosed with ADHD by their child neurologist of reference which allowed the classification of the participants into the three groups according to the ADHD presentation type: ADHD-I (n = 15, 6 girls and 9 boys), ADHD-HI (n = 11, 6 girls and 5 boys), and ADHD-C (n = 38, 10 girls and 28 boys)
The main goal of this work was to analyze the differential effect of NF on the three presentation types of ADHD
Summary
Attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is understood as a persistent pattern of inattentive, restless, and impulsive behavior which is more frequent and severe than that typically observed in subjects at a similar stage of development [1]. The new classification of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 5th edition (DSM-5), [1] included ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder and has replaced the differentiation between subtypes by types of presentation (predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, predominantly inattentive, and combined presentation) [3]. Given the symptomatology of ADHD and its high prevalence rates [4,5], it is important for researchers to analyze the efficacy of the different treatments and interventions aimed at inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, such as medication, neurofeedback, and behavioral treatments. This study focuses on the efficacy of neurofeedback in children with a diagnosis of hyperactive/impulsive, inattentive, and combined ADHD. Stimulant medication and behavioral therapy are the most commonly applied treatments for ADHD [6], recent large-scale studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated their limitations [6,7,8]
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