Different Technologies for Obtaining Pneumococcal Immunogens

Abstract

Relevance. The worldwide use of pneumococcal vaccines, in particular conjugated vaccines (PCV), has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases in both vaccinated children and unvaccinated people of all ages. However, "non-vaccine" serotypes and capsule-free (non-typed) strains have become the main causes of pneumococcal disease, as with carriage, with an increase in antibiotic resistance. This requires new approaches in the development of vaccines that can lead to serotype-independent protection, especially in children, the elderly and immunocompromised people. The pneumococcal vaccine should protect against a wide range of serotypes, induce mucosal and systemic immunity, and reduce primary nasal colonization, as well as invasive forms. Aim. The review is devoted to the analysis of experimental development of innovative vaccines based on protective protein antigens (PPV), including in combination with capsular polysaccharides, using adjuvants or antigen delivery systems, as well as inactivated whole cell preparations (WCV) and live attenuated vaccines. Particular attention is paid to the methods of mucosal immunization, taking into account the tropism of pneumococcus in relation to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Conclusion. At this stage, the most developed and promising are drugs based on bacterial lysates (PWCV) and protective protein antigens (PspA, dPly), as well as these antigens mixed with adjuvants, and, possibly, with some etiologically most significant capsular polysaccharides.