Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the impact on part of soil fauna of application of non-stabilized (fresh) manure from post-weaning pigs fed diets formulated with or without dual-purpose wheat, and with or without the use of antimicrobial growth-promoting additives (100 mg kg-1 doxycycline + 50 mg kg-1 colistin + 250 mg kg-1 Zn oxide). Two species of edaphic organisms were evaluated, the springtails Folsomia candida and the earthworms Eisenia andrei, using ecotoxicological avoidance behavior tests. The treatments were swine manure from: RR: Reference Ration; WR: Wheat Reference; RA: Reference Ration + Antimicrobial Additives; WA: Wheat Reference + Antimicrobial Additives). The doses of waste used for treatments were as follows: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 65 and 100 m³ ha-1 for the springtails and 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 65 m³ ha-1 for the earthworms, applied in the Oxisol. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The use of non-stabilized swine manure did not affect the avoidance behavior of F. candida at any dose, regardless of the use of antimicrobial or wheat additives. For E. andrei, there was avoidance behavior at all treatments and doses used. These avoidance behaviors were related to the sensitivity of each species of soil organism. The avoidance behavior for earthworms was related to the doses of non-stabilized swine manure in soil and not to the various diets and/or the use of growth-promoting additives.
Highlights
In industrial swine farming, the postweaning stage is marked by high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders (O'CONNELL; CALLAN; O’DOHERTY, 2006), caused by abrupt transition in diet from pre-weaning to post-weaning, with solid food intake (KIL; STEIN, 2010)
Prior to the ecotoxicological tests, soil pH was corrected to 6.0 ± 0.5 with the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (ISO 10390, 2005), and the moisture was adjusted to 65% of the maximum water retention capacity (WRC) (ISO 11465, 1993)
The application of the wastes at various doses (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 65 and 100 m3 ha-1) did not cause avoidance behavior for F. candida in Oxisol with the tested treatments (RR, WR, RA and WA) (p > 0.05), but rather we observed that the majority of the organisms remained in the soil treated with swine manure from the lowest dose of application (5 m3 ha-1): 90% with RR
Summary
The postweaning stage is marked by high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders (O'CONNELL; CALLAN; O’DOHERTY, 2006), caused by abrupt transition in diet from pre-weaning to post-weaning, with solid food intake (KIL; STEIN, 2010). The economic/environmental pressures to reduce the cost of production and reduce the excretion of nutrients are major challenges in industrial swine farming (GILBERT et al, 2017) This has stimulated the use and study of food alternatives to corn and soybean in swine diets (FLOROUPANERI et al, 2014) by less common components such as dual-purpose wheat (WESENDONCK et al, 2013; QUATRIN et al, 2017). The use of swine manure as an agricultural fertilizer is a simple and economical alternative for discarding and recycling this material, in addition to the positive effects related to the increase of organic matter and soil fertility when properly used (CONGREVES et al, 2016; OLIVEIRA et al, 2017) The use of this material result on reduces the use of chemical fertilizers and contributes to the reduction of production costs
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