Abstract
In the present study, the impact of eight phytohormones from six different classes on the growth, lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) biosynthetic capacity of Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 (SW1) was evaluated. Kinetin (KIN), jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellic acid (GA) significantly enhanced the growth and DHA production of SW1 by 16%–28% and 66%–84% in comparison to the control, respectively. The synergistic effect of these three phytohormones, evaluated by the response surface methodology (RSM), showed that a combination of 3.6 mg/L GA, 2.0 mg/L KIN and 20.0 mg/L JA further increased the growth and DHA production of SW1 by 16% to 28% and 22% to 36%, respectively, in comparison to the individual supplementation. The synergistic effect of these phytohormones was also shown to be time-dependent, where feeding at 24 h of cultivation led to 15%, 26% and 35% further increments in the biomass, lipid and DHA production in comparison to that of 0 h, respectively. The determination of stress markers, antioxidant enzymes and key enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis aided to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the improvement of growth and DHA production by SW1 at various times of feeding. Supplementation with the phytohormones at 24 h exhibited the maximum impact on reducing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as augmented the antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and key metabolic enzymes involved in lipogenesis (malic, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ATP-citrate lyase) in comparison to the control and other time points. This study signifies the potential application of phytohormones for improving the growth, lipid and DHA production in Aurantiochytrium spp.
Highlights
The dietary importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as omega 3 and omega 6, in upholding human well-being and longevity has been proposed decades ago
No significant effect on either biomass or Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production was observed in SW1 when supplemented with Abscisic acid (ABA) and BNAO, unlike what was reported in Cryptheconidium cohnii where both of these phytohormones played a significant role in enhancing its lipid and DHA production [28]
These results showed that the synergistic combination of KIN, jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellic acid (GA) significantly affects the growth and DHA productions of SW1 (Supplementary Table S1)
Summary
The dietary importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as omega 3 and omega 6, in upholding human well-being and longevity has been proposed decades ago These fatty acids are regarded as essential fatty acids due to the fact that the human body lacks certain enzymes to synthesize them. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the members of the omega-3 LCPUFAs, has attracted significant interest worldwide due to its vital role in human health and well-being. This fatty acid can naturally be found in mother’s milk owing to its importance for the development of the brain and eyes of an infant [1,2]. An alternative DHA source to fish oils was explored
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