Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) can lead to neuroendocrine and emotional disorders later in adolescence. Sexual dimorphism in these neurodevelopmental outcomes have been observed; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To address this issue, we investigated whether there are sex differences in epigenetic reprogramming in rats exposed to PS. Pregnant female rats were subjected to chronic restraint stress from gestational day (G)12 to G18. From postnatal day (P)38 to P45, subgroups of offspring including both males and females were subjected to behavioral testing and brain tissue specimens were analyzed by DNA pyrosequencing, western blotting, and Golgi staining to assess changes in methylation pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, expression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and DNA demethylase, and dendrite morphology, respectively. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine was administered to rats prior to PS to further evaluate the role of methylation in the sexually dimorphic effects of PS. The results showed that PS increased anxiety-like behavior in offspring, especially in females, while depression-like behavior was increased in male offspring compared to control littermates. The methylation pattern in the promoter region of the GR gene differed between males and females. Sex-specific changes in the expression of DNMTs (DNMT1 and DNMT3a) and DNA demethylase (Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2) were also observed. Interestingly, decitabine alleviated the behavioral disorder caused by PS and restored dendrite density and morphology in female but not male rats. These findings suggest that different change patterns of DNMT and demethylase in the two sexes after PS are responsible for the sexually dimorphism, which could have implications for the clinical management of stress-related disorders.
Highlights
Exposure to adverse stimuli during gestation can have persistent effects on cognition and emotion in adults
We investigated the methylation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in rats exposed to Prenatal stress (PS), and tested whether different change patterns of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and demethylase involved in sexual dimorphism of behavioral disorders and dendritic spine abnormalities caused by PS
The present study provides evidence that PS exposure induced increased anxiety-like behavior in female offspring and depression-like behavior in male offspring, respectively
Summary
Exposure to adverse stimuli during gestation can have persistent effects on cognition and emotion in adults. Glucocorticoids can influence neural circuits in the developing brain at the time of stress exposure, which can have long-term effects on brain structure, function, and plasticity (Kinlein et al, 2019). These effects were shown to be sexually dimorphic (Schulz et al, 2011; Iturramena et al, 2018). Normal hypothalamic development differs between the sexes, resulting in sexual dimorphism in the structure and function of the hypothalamus; environmental challenges during this critical period can have sex-specific effects, the molecular basis is not well understood (Hodes and Epperson, 2019)
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