Difference between equinox-2010 for Saturn from previous three

Atmospheric convection is a profound topic. Numerous books have been written on the consequences of convection. Yet, the picture of convection is still far from complete because of its high nonlinearity, multi-scale coupling and complex interactions with other systems. The theme of my dissertation is to investigate three aspects of atmospheric convection on three different planets. This dissertation is multi-disciplinary and includes scientific topics like photochemistry, dynamics and radiation, and methodologies like information retrieval, theoretical calculation and dynamic modeling. Chapter 1 and 2 study Titan. It focuses on how to infer the strength of convection from the vertical distribution of chemical species. In a photochemical model, convection is parameterized as eddy diffusion and the strength of convection is proportional to eddy diffusivity. We developed an inversion method to retrieve the vertical profile of eddy diffusivity directly from the Cassini observations and found out a stable layer in the atmosphere which may give rise to the detached haze layer on Titan. In addition, new observation from Cassini/CIRS limb sounding came a few month later. C 3 H 6 was detected for the first time in the stratosphere. Our new photochemical model with the updated eddy diffusion profile successfully explained the observed vertical distribution of C 3 H 6 . Chapter 2 explains the modeling result and does a systematic study on all C 3 -hydrocarbons. Chapter 3 studies Saturn. It investigates the role of convection on regulating Saturn’s giant storms. Six giant storms, called Great White Spots, have erupted on Saturn since 1876 at intervals of about 30 years. The most recent one occurred on Dec. 5th, 2010 at planetographic latitude 37.7°N. It produced intense lightning, created enormous cloud disturbances and wrapped around the planet in 6 months. We proposed the water-loading mechanism to explain the periodicity. Moist convection is suppressed for decades due to the larger molecular weight of water in a hydrogen-helium atmosphere. We show that this mechanism requires the deep water vapor mixing ratio to be greater than 1.0%, which implies Saturn’s O/H to be at least 10 times the solar value. Chapter 4 studies Jupiter. It proposes an inversion strategy for the upcoming Juno microwave observation based on the modeling results and the theoretical arguments developed in Chapter 3. We extend the Juno/MWR’s functionality by retrieving both the deep water mixing ratio and a few dynamic parameters representing subcloud meteorology. This proposition will contribute substantially to achieving the Juno/MWR objectives and shed light on the functioning of convection on planets with deep atmospheres.

The general topic of this dissertation is the analysis of impact ionization time-of-flight mass spectra of ice grains in Saturn’s E ring sampled in-situ by the Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) onboard the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft. The source of these E ring ice grains is the subsurface ocean of Saturn’s cryo-volcanically active icy moon Enceladus. The Chemical Analyzer subsystem of CDA generated mass spectra of cations that form when the ice grains impinge onto the instrument’s target plate with high speed. The first aim of this work is a detailed compositional analysis of the organic material in the ice grains ejected from subsurface Enceladus’ into the E ring. Many of these ice grains carry diverse organic material that is characterized in this work. A laser-based analogue laboratory experiment is used to simulate the impact ionization CDA spectra of ice grains enriched in organic material. This experiment allowed to understand the varying cationic fragmentation patterns from organic material in a water ice matrix. Despite the relatively low mass resolution of the CDA, results of the analogue experiment allow to identify characteristic finger prints of certain classes of organic compounds in many CDA mass spectra. Three main categories are classified: (i) Amine-, (ii) Carbonyl-, and (iii) Aromatic-type mass spectra. Furthermore, some aromatic-type CDA spectra show features that correspond to breakup-products of larger complex aromatic species with masses above 200u. On the whole, the analysis of E ring ice grains in this work gives first insights into the largely varying and complex organic chemistry inside the ocean of Enceladus. The second aim of this thesis is to infer the compositional profile of ice particles in the E ring in the vicinity of Saturn’s moon Rhea, from a series of spectra recorded on Cassini’s Rhea flyby (R4) in 2013. No striking change in the frequency of different compositional types is observed along the spacecraft trajectory. However, a varying size distribution of different compositional populations of ice grains is observed and discussed. Sodium salts and organic compounds are more frequent in relatively large ice grains, whereas pure water ice particles become more abundant in smaller E ring grains. A generally higher number density of ice grains is observed in the close vicinity of Rhea, which might indicate either the presence of an ejecta cloud from Rhea’s surface or a general confinement of particles near the equatorial plane of the E ring.

The Cassini-Huygens mission has characterized the Solar System exploration scenario for more than 30 years, from when it was conceived until the completion of its long life. Its legacy is an enormous amount of high quality scientific data and astonishing images of the Saturn system and its moons, Titan first. Also, the mission has been the gymnasium where new technologies and procedures have been discussed, developed and after adopted by many other missions. Cassini-Huygens also played a great role in allowing a new generation of scientists and engineers to increase their knowledge and skills, merging the already matured experience of a generation, formed on previous missions as Voyager, with a new generation belonging to many different countries. The international scenario that allowed the realization of the mission is the other distinguishing character of this adventure, led by the partnership of three space agencies, NASA with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory first, the European Space Agency-ESA for Huygens and the Italian Space Agency-ASI. This cooperative environment allowed both ESA and ASI to enter at best in the environment of the deep-space planetary missions and also provided the opportunity for other 15 nations to have their scientist on board and contributing to the mission. A cooperative effort, well guided and harmonized by the Project Science Group, lasted till the very end of the mission when the Cassini Grand Finale was played with the last plunge into the Saturn atmosphere. Hereafter, the mission is described including some details on the technical aspects of the Cassini spacecraft, the Huygens probe, the science instruments part of their payload and the science results are summarized with a special emphasis on the Italian contribution. This paper focuses on the science results in the cruise phase, where radio science experiments testing different aspects of relativistic gravity were performed. In particular, we describe the use of the novel Cassini radio system (based on Ka band frequencies, 32–34 GHz) to test the space components of the metric in the Solar System and a search of low-frequency gravitational waves, with a set of extensive observations in 2001 and 2002. The Cassini radio signal was tracked just prior to the final plunge into Saturn’s atmosphere (15 September 2017) from a new configuration of the Sardinia Radio Telescope called “Sardinia Deep Space Antenna”. The Venus and Jupiter fly-bys offered the opportunity to calibrate the VIMS instrument and to carry out new science observations.

There is not perhaps another object in the heavens that presents us with such a variety of extraordinary phenomena as the planet Saturn: a magnificent globe, encompassed by a stupendous double ring: attended by seven satellites: ornamented with equatorial belts: compressed at the poles: turning upon its axis: mutually eclipsing its ring and satellites, and eclipsed by them: the most distant of the rings also turning upon its axis, and the same taking place with the farthest of the satellites: all the parts of the system of Saturn occasionally reflecting light to each other: the rings and moons illuminating the nights of the Saturnian: the globe and satellites enlightening the dark parts of the rings: and the planet and rings throwing back the sun’s beams upon the moons, when they are deprived of them at the time of their conjunctions. It must be confessed that a detail of circumstances like these, appears to leave hardly any room for addition, and yet the following observations will prove that there is a singularity left, which distinguishes the figure of Saturn from that of all the other planets.

This paper examines the major astrological poem which survives from late medieval Wales, Dafydd Nanmor’s ‘Cywydd to God and the planet Saturn’. A close reading of the poem suggests that actual horoscopes, rather than just a vague knowledge of astrology, were accessible in Wales at the end of the Middle Ages. As a result, Dafydd Nanmor’s poem can now be dated to September 1479. This is set in the context of the sociology of English astrology at the end of the Middle Ages; by the middle of the 15th century, astrology was percolating down from the court an universities into the cultural life of the merchant classes, and it is argued that the spread of astrological material to Wales in the same period forms part of the same process.

6 Flandro, G. A., Fast Reconnaissance Missions to the Outer Solar System Utilizing Energy Derived from the Gravitational Field of Jupiter, Astronautica Acta, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1966. 7 Niehoff, J. C., An Analysis of Gravity Assisted Trajectories to Solar System Targets, AIAA Paper 66-10, New York, 1966. 8 Deerwester, J. M., Jupiter Swingby Missions to the Outer AIAA Paper 66-536, Los Angeles, Calif., 1966. 9 Silver, B. W., Grand Tours of the Jovian AIAA Paper 67-613, Huntsville, Ala., 1967. 10 Franklin, F. A. and Cook, A. F., Optical Properties of Saturn's II. Two-Color Phase Curves of the Two Bright Rings, Astronautical Journal, Vol. 70, No. 9, Nov. 1965. 11 Sharanov, V. V., The Nature of the Planets, transl. from Russian, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1964. 12 Alexander, A. F., The Planet Saturn—A History of Observation, Theory and Discovery, Macmillan, New York, 1962. 13 Friedlander, A. L., Guidance Analysis of the Multiple Outer Planet (Grand Tour) Mission, American Astronomical Society Paper 68-109, Jackson, Wyo., 1968. 14 O'Handley, D. A., private communication, 1968. 15 Brereton, R. G., Kingsland, L., and Newburn, R. L., Gravity-Assist Mission to the Jovian Planets (Grand Tour), Supporting Research and Advanced Developments, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Space Programs Summary No. 37-50, Vol. Ill, Pasadena, Calif., March 1968, pp. 343-350.

The chapter demonstrates that there were close links between the scribes of some late medieval Welsh medico-astrological manuscripts and the professional poets, and examines astrological themes in late medieval Welsh poetry. It shows that the poets of the 1400s, especially those concerned with prophecy, consciously wove the astrological imagery of Geoffrey's Merlin into their professional personae. It is argued that a paradoxical movement in two opposing directions can be observed in the 15th century. On the one hand, elements of the Welsh intelligentsia became more and more interested in up-to-date astrology (largely through the art's connection with medicine) as the supply of colourful manuscripts and a number of learned poems suggests. (For example Ieuan ap Rhydderch's ‘Boasting Poem’ details his university training in astrology, probably at Oxford, early in the century.) On the other, prophetic poets were using the astrological associations of Geoffrey's Merlin to lend themselves and their skills an arcane, primeval aura. The chapter features an analysis of the longest medieval Welsh poem on an astrological theme, Dafydd Nanmor's ‘To God and the planet Saturn’.

The plants heights of and the foliation index are production items which determine indirectly the grain production [1]. These items influence the metabolism acceleration and the photosynthesis process development. The purpose of this work is the study of the variability of the capacity of production and its indirect items, under the action of the experimenting conditions (irrigated, unirrigated) for three corn hybrids used as witnesses in the comparative cultures from SCDA Simnic in the years 2003, 2004 and 2005. The study of the variability of these items was carried out based on the biometric measurements, calculating the arithmetical mean (x), the standard deviation of the mean (sx) and the variation index (s%) [2]. Of the data shown in table 1, for unirrigated it is noticed a marked non-uniformity of the three analysed items, especially for the capacity of production. Among the studied hybrids, for unirrigated, there were recorded the lowest values of the variation indexes for the F376 hybrid. For irrigated, the capacity of production recorded an average variation index for the F376 and Opal hybrids and a low variation index for the Saturn hybrid. The plants height is much more regular, being recorded low variation indexes and for the foliation index (FI) there were recorded average variation indexes. Among the studied hybrids, for irrigated, the Saturn hybrid showed a better adaptability, although it achieved the lowest production. The calculated variation indexes show a powerful action of the experimenting conditions but also a differentiation of the items specific to each hybrid, providing information regarding the adaptation capacity of the hybrids.

Muḥyī al-Dīn Maghribī is among the few astronomers of the middle ages whose astronomical system is entirely based on new measures of planetary parameters and whose measurement of the observational data and calculation processes for determining their amount have been carried out in Maragha Observatory. He has explained the details of his observations and calculations in a volume called Talkhīṣ al-Majasṭī. In the present research, Muḥyī al-Dīn’s data, calculations, and final measure for the structural parameters of Saturn’s orbit (eccentricity and the position of the zenith of the vector circle) are examined through the application of two methods: A. numeral analysis with respect to new amounts, and B. critical study in the course of history. Keywords: Maragha Observatory, observational astronomy, Saturn, mean opposition, eccentricity, zenith.

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We present mock observations of forming planets with ALMA. The possible detections of circumplanetary disks (CPDs) were investigated around planets of Saturn, 1, 3, 5, and 10 Jupiter-masses that are placed at 5.2 AU from their star. The radiative, three dimensional hydrodynamic simulations were then post-processed with RADMC3D and the ALMA Observation Simulator. We found that even though the CPDs are too small to be resolved, they are hot due to the accreting planet in the optically thick limit, therefore the best chance to detect them with continuum observations in this case is at the shortest ALMA wavelengths, such as Band 9 (440 microns). Similar fluxes were found in the case of Saturn and Jupiter-mass planets, as for the 10 MJup gas-giant, due to temperature weighted optical depth effects: when no deep gap is carved, the planet region is blanketed by the optically thick circumstellar disk leading to a less efficient cooling there. A test was made for a 52 AU orbital separation, showed that optically thin CPDs are also detectable in band 7 but they need longer integration times (>5hrs). Comparing the gap profiles of the same simulation at various ALMA bands and the hydro simulation confirmed that they change significantly, first because the gap is wider at longer wavelengths due to decreasing optical depth; second, the beam convolution makes the gap shallower and at least 25% narrower. Therefore, caution has to be made when estimating planet masses based on ALMA continuum observations of gaps.

Bout the end of Otfober 3671. Saturn pafs’d clofc by Four ± fmall Fix't Stars, vifibleonly by a Telefcope, within the finus of the Water of Aquaris, which once took for NewSatellits of Jupiter, calling them 3 but which Hevelius(who called them fiiew’d to be fome o f the common Fix't Stars, that may every day be seen by a telescope any where in the heavens.

The demonological landscape of the ‘Solomon and Saturn’ cycle

This study of the interaction of magnetic field and flow in the outer shells of giant planets consists of three parts. Part one: The atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn exhibit strong and stable zonal winds. Busse suggested that they might be the surface expression of deep flows on cylinders. However, the deep flow hypothesis experiences difficulty when account is taken of the electrical conductivity of molecular hydrogen as measured in shockwave experiments. The deep zonal flow of an electrically conducting fluid would produce a toroidal magnetic field, an associated poloidal electrical current, and Ohmic dissipation. In steady state, the total Ohmic dissipation cannot exceed the planet's net luminosity. If we assume that the observed zonal flow penetrates along cylinders until it is truncated to (near) zero at some spherical radius, the upper bound on Ohmic dissipation constrains this radius to be no smaller than 0.95 Jupiter radius and 0.87 Saturn radius. The truncation of the cylindrical flow in the convective envelope requires an appropriate force to break the Taylor-Proudman constraint. We have been unable to identify any plausible candidate. Thus we conclude that deep-seated cylindrical flows do not exist. Part two: A fluid shell with sufficient electrical conductivity and azimuthal velocity shear outside of the dynamo generation region can attenuate the non-axisymmetric component of the magnetic field. However, the interaction of the axisymmetric component of the magnetic field and the zonal flow is able to reduce the magnitude of zonal flow. The dimensionless number characterizing this reduction is the Chandrasekhar number. The smaller Saturnian field may allow a larger velocity shear and a greater attenuation of the non-axisymmetric field, thereby providing a possible explanation for the nearly axisymmetric field. Part three: Combining the study for the attenuation effect produced by the semi-conducting layer and the observation of the magnetic field by Galileo and Voyager, we find the possible outer boundary of the dynamo generation zone is at 0.86 Jupiter radius. The magnetic fields generated in the outer shell are dictated by a length scale comparable to the scale height of electrical conductivity, which is much smaller than the radius of the planet.

In this thesis I extend the discussion of the works of W.G. Sebald beyond the more commonly discussed themes of melancholy, trauma, loss and memory. To this end I examine his long prose poem After Nature and his four books of prose fiction Vertigo, The Emigrants, The Rings of Saturn and Austerlitz to expose underlying pastoral modes and structural forms in these texts. In After Nature I make the case for this poem to be read as an anti-pastoral text which runs true to the elegiac form but exhibits a subtext of pastoral and anti-pastoral tension. The first published work of prose fiction, Vertigo, I argue demonstrates the pastoral structural device, integral to pastoral form, of the double-plot and in so doing, extend William Empson’s original thesis. In The Emigrants, I examine the parallels between Heimat and Pastoral by exposing the characters’ difficult relationships with displacement both physically and psychologically and argue for an anti-Heimat mode expressed largely in anti-pastoral imagery. The Rings of Saturn demonstrates the impossibility of utopia by constantly deferring a potential pastoral both spatially and temporally during the narrator’s “pilgrimage” across the Suffolk countryside. And finally in Austerlitz, we have a coalescence of pastoral modes structured as a discourse of retreat and return which, I argue, qualifies this work as a truly pastoral novel. In the final chapter I discuss the four short pieces of prose fiction in Campo Santo, which, although too brief to exhibit a pastoral form, demonstrate pastoral tropes commensurate with those discussed in the previous works.