Abstract
BackgroundAssociations between food choice and body composition in previous studies of adolescents have been inconsistent. This may be due to the body composition measures used, or these associations may be affected by the dieting status of adolescents. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and body composition in adolescents, and determine if these associations are moderated by dieting status.MethodsInformation on food consumption and current dieting status was collected, using a web-based survey, in 681 adolescents (mean age 15.8 (SD 0.9) years) from schools in Otago, New Zealand. Non-dieters were defined as those reporting not being on a diet as they were “happy with their weight”. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to determine dietary patterns. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were examined as outcomes. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations between dietary patterns and body composition.ResultsPCA produced three dietary patterns: ‘Treat Foods’, ‘Fruits and Vegetables’, and ‘Basic Foods’. A standard deviation increase in ‘Basic Foods’ was associated with a 3.58% decrease in FMI (95%CI −6.14, -0.94) in the total sample. When separate sex analysis was undertaken significant negative associations were found in boys only, between the ‘Basic Food’ score and WC, WHtR, FMI, and FFMI, while the ‘Fruits and Vegetables’ pattern was negatively associated with FMI. Associations between ‘Treat Foods’ and BMI, WC, and WHtR in non-dieters were positive, while these associations were negative for all other participants.ConclusionsSignificant associations were found between dietary patterns and indices of both central and total adiposity, but not BMI. Therefore using only BMI measures may not be useful in this age group. Since our results were significant for boys and not girls, nutrition messages designed to prevent obesity may be particularly important for adolescent boys. As an interaction between dieting status and ‘Treat Foods’ existed, future studies should also explore the role of dieting when investigating food choice and body composition.
Highlights
Associations between food choice and body composition in previous studies of adolescents have been inconsistent
The few studies investigating principal components analysis derived dietary patterns and body composition in children and adolescents have found that those patterns high in fruits and/or vegetables are negatively associated with overweight and obesity [4,5,6]
In conclusion, significant associations were found between dietary patterns and the indices related to body fatness and lean mass
Summary
Associations between food choice and body composition in previous studies of adolescents have been inconsistent. Dietary patterns have been proposed as a solution to investigating the association between food choice and body composition as these analyses allow for the entire diet to be examined in combination, rather than focusing on intakes of single nutrients or food groups. The few studies investigating principal components analysis derived dietary patterns and body composition in children and adolescents have found that those patterns high in fruits and/or vegetables are negatively associated with overweight and obesity [4,5,6]. Patterns high in treat/snack foods have shown a negative association with obesity [7,8], waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio [9] This is not the intuitively expected direction of the association, as these treat/ snack food dietary patterns are generally representative of a high energy diet [10]
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