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Abstract
Weaning is a complex phase when the mammal suffers the action of different stressors that contribute to negatively affect the efficiency of the intestinal mucosa and of the whole local integrated system, that acts as barrier against any nocuous agent. The components of this barrier are mechanical, chemical, and bacteriological; immunological and not. The development of contact with a saprophyte microflora and the maintenance of feed intake after the interruption of motherly nutrition are essential for the maturation of an equilibrated local immune function and for a functional integrity of villi. Opportunities and limits of some dietary strategies that can contribute to reduce negative effects of weaning on health and performance are discussed. Knowledges on the possible mechanism of action of probiotics are upgraded, particularly for their supposed role in the balance between different immune functions (effectory/regulatory). Some tools to control pathogen microflora are reviewed (acids, herbs, immunoglobulin sources) and practical feeding systems are proposed. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 4 : 596-608)
Highlights
Non-immunological Immunological Mechanical LocalHealthy enterocyteGut-associated lymphoid tissue Tight junctionIntra-epithelial lymphocytes Cell turnoverAggregates in the lamina propria Normal motility
The weaning can be considered a disturbing factor of this balance. At this point it can raise a second question: can probiotic bacteria have a rule in the balance of the different functions and do the organisms tolerate them? From the survey of literature we find that observations about the effect of probiotics on the specific immunity against them selves are scarse
Organic acids are well known as preservatives. Their properties can be useful to control microflora in the gut when the acid secretion for the stomach is reduced, after the suppression of milk suckling. Their efficacy depends on their ability to diffuse through the membrane of bacteria when they are in undissociated form; inside the cell, the acid dissociates and suppress cells enzymes and nutrient transport systems
Summary
Degree of Animal Production Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy. In pig the local immune system is based on: a) a barrier action from this tissue is required to counteract these diffuse system, intraepithelial (IEL) and in the lamina agents This function is important when the propria, and b) organized compartments: Peyer’s patches animals experience sudden changes of diet and/or that are isolated, discrete in jejunum and upper ileum and environment. Suppressor/cytotoxic CD8+ cells are in develop the complex ecosystem observed in the mature and immediately underlying the epithelium, while animal, that hosts a diverse and highly evolved microbial helper/inducer CD4+ cells lie deeper in the lamina propria. The reasons of this organization are only partially explained, species. Tel: +39-0522-290522, Fax: +39CD8+ cells in the lamina propria of 49-day old germ free
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