Abstract
The relationship between AMY1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), dietary carbohydrates, and the risk of type 2 diabetes is unclear. We aimed to evaluate this association using an ongoing large-scale prospective study, namely the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. We selected six genetic variants of the AMY1 gene: rs10881197, rs4244372, rs6696797, rs1566154, rs1930212, and rs1999478. Baseline dietary data were obtained using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Type 2 diabetes was defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and American Diabetes Association. During an average follow-up period of 12 years (651,780 person-years), 1082 out of 4552 (23.8%) patients had type 2 diabetes. Three AMY1 SNPs were significantly associated with diabetes incidence among patients with carbohydrate intake > 65% of total energy: rs6696797, rs4244372, and rs10881197. In multivariable Cox models, Korean women with the rs6696797 AG or AA genotype had 28% higher incidence of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.55) than Korean women with the rs6696797 GG genotype. We did not observe significant associations between AMY1 SNPs, dietary carbohydrates, and diabetes incidence in Korean men. We conclude that AMY1 genetic variants and dietary carbohydrate intake influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Korean women only. Korean women who are minor carriers of the AMY1 rs6696797, rs4244372, and rs10881197 genotypes may benefit from a low-carbohydrate diet to prevent the future risk of type 2 diabetes.
Highlights
The relationship between AMY1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), dietary carbohydrates, and the risk of type 2 diabetes is unclear
AMY1 rs6696797 was marginally associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes [adjusted odds ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99–1.20; P value = 0.089]
Participants with carbohydrate intake > 65% of total energy intake were more likely to live in Ansan, were non-smokers, older, more physically engaged, and less likely to drink than participants with carbohydrate intake ≤ 65%
Summary
The relationship between AMY1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), dietary carbohydrates, and the risk of type 2 diabetes is unclear. Three AMY1 SNPs were significantly associated with diabetes incidence among patients with carbohydrate intake > 65% of total energy: rs6696797, rs4244372, and rs10881197. We did not observe significant associations between AMY1 SNPs, dietary carbohydrates, and diabetes incidence in Korean men. We conclude that AMY1 genetic variants and dietary carbohydrate intake influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Korean women only. Multiple epidemiological studies indicate that dietary carbohydrate intake is positively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Previous research indicated that AMY1 copy number was positively associated with higher salivary amylase c oncentrations[5,6,7,8]. The need to digest starchy food may have exerted selective pressure to increase AMY1 copy number in populations consuming high-starch diets. AMY1 copy number and carbohydrate intake differentially influence the development of type 2 diabetes
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