Abstract
BackgroundAn animal model of prediabetes that has been developed in our laboratory using a high fat high carbohydrate diet and lack of physical activity displays risk factors for cardiovascular complications. The effect of exercise against these risk factors in this animal model remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of intermittent and regular exercise treatment on the risk factors for cardiovascular complications in this animal model of prediabetes.MethodsFollowing prediabetes induction, animals were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 6): non-diabetic, prediabetic, intermittently exercising prediabetic and regularly exercising prediabetic. Exercise exposure was 7 weeks long. Body weight changes, caloric intake, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration was measured after 20 and 29 weeks while blood pressure was only measured after 29 weeks. Plasma endothelial nitric oxide synthase, malonaldehyde, glutathione peroxidase, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein concentration from the heart were measured 2 weeks post-exercise termination (week 30).ResultsWe found increased body weight, caloric intake and mean arterial pressure in the prediabetic group by comparison to the non-prediabetic group. The same trend was observed in blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations. However, all of these parameters were reduced in the intermittently exercising prediabetic and regularly exercising prediabetic groups. This reduction was further accompanied by a decrease in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein concentration with improved oxidative stress biomarkers.ConclusionsThe progression of pre-diabetes to diabetes is slowed or possibly stopped by exercise (regular or intermittent). Additionally, biomarker profiles indicative of cardiovascular disease in pre-diabetics are improved by exercise.
Highlights
The abundance of Western-style diets and decreased physical activity in the modern world has resulted in increased incidence of prediabetes and many cases of undiagnosed diabetes [1,2,3,4]
We looked at oxidative stress markers: malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx1); inflammatory markers: tumour necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Bodyweight changes, caloric intake, blood glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentration Body weight changes, caloric intake, blood glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations were monitored in the ND, PD, PD + Intermittently exercising PD (IE) and PD + Regularly exercising (RE) groups (n = 6, per group) at week 20 and one week after exercise termination
Summary
The abundance of Western-style diets and decreased physical activity in the modern world has resulted in increased incidence of prediabetes and many cases of undiagnosed diabetes [1,2,3,4]. Luvuno et al Nutr Metab (Lond) (2021) 18:45 cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); increased markers of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as high blood pressure were found in this animal model [15,16,17,18]. These factors are highly atherogenic and predictive of cardiovascular complications in humans [19, 20]. This study sought to evaluate the effects of both regular and intermittent exercise treatment on the changes associated with cardiovascular complications in a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet-induced animal model of prediabetes. We evaluated the effect of intermittent and regular exercise treatment on the risk factors for cardiovascular complications in this animal model of prediabetes
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