Abstract
Background: Gallstone Disease (GD) results from the interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as physical activity, diet and food habits that are characteristic of each culture. Female gender, aging, obesity and insulin resistance are strongly associated to gallstone formation. Female Mexican population presents high prevalence of obesity and GD. Hence our aim was to establish the relationship between GD, dietary constituents and nutritional factors in women with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Methods: We performed a case-control study in 93 women with symptomatic gallstones and 95 controls. Evaluations included clinical aspects, anthropometry, 24-hours dietary recalls, food habits and physical exercise. Results: Family history of GD was present in 53% of GD patients, 54% showed insulin resistance. GD women, compared to controls, had more overweight and obesity (83% vs. 69%), higher waist-to-hip ratio (0.869 ± 0.06 vs. 0.838 ± 0.063, p=.001), consumed lesser meals /day (2.91 ± 0.76 vs. 3.61 ± 0.81 p<0.001), ingested more energy (2186 kcal vs. 1366 kcal p<0.001), more total fat (65 vs. 43 g/day; p<0.001) and more portions of simple sugars per 1000 kcal (2.5 vs. 2.0 p=0.025). Fewer GD women consumed dietary fiber recommended allowance (3 vs. 25% p<0.0001). Overnight fasting periods were longer in the GD group. Most patients and controls had a sedentary life style. Conclusion: Obesity, abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance and nutritional factors such as excessive intake of total energy, total fat, simple sugar and long fasting periods; constitute risk factors for gallstone formation. Meanwhile, adequate dietary fiber intake is a protective factor in this population of Mexican women.
Highlights
Cholesterol stones, the most common form of Gallstone Disease (GD), are a major public health concern in developed countries [13]
We examined the relation between symptomatic GD, dietary and nutritional factors, with Chi-square test (x2) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for categorical variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) classification, dieting, physical exercise and coffee consumption
A family history of cholelithiasic disease was present in 53% of the GD patients (p
Summary
Cholesterol stones, the most common form of Gallstone Disease (GD), are a major public health concern in developed countries [13]. In Mexican population, cholesterol gallstone formation is a highly frequent condition. Lower prevalence has been found in subjects living in Mexico City, 14.1% in general population, 5.8% and 19.7% for men and women, respectively [6]. It has been found in all populations of the world that women are more susceptible than men, to present GD [5]. Female Mexican population presents high prevalence of obesity and GD. Our aim was to establish the relationship between GD, dietary constituents and nutritional factors in women with symptomatic cholelithiasis
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