Dielectric saturation in dipolar fluids. I. The single-molecule distribution function

Abstract

The functional-derivative formalism is used to investigate the form of the equilibrium single-molecule distribution function n(1) in a finite fluid system of rigid polar molecules subjected to a strong external electric field that varies slowly with position. The investigation is based on the assumption that the long-range asymptotic behavior of the direct correlation function is independent of the external field, and is hence the same as in the unperturbed fluid. This assumption implies that n(1) has the form of a single-molecule Boltzmann factor in which the interaction energy is that of a deformable quasidipole with the local Lorentz electric field EL(r1). If the chemical potential μ is held fixed, n(1) is a local function of EL(r1). In a closed system, however, the number of molecules N is held fixed and μ varies with the field. Consequently, n(1) is an inherently nonlocal functional of EL(r), except in the linear approximation where local behavior is regained. The implications of these results for the polarization and higher angular moments of n(1) will be explored in a subsequent article.