Abstract
Developing countries, including South Africa, are lagging behind in reaching the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These countries are at present experiencing a nutrition transition that is an outcome of economic development, urbanisation and acculturation. In this article, the nutritional situation in South Africa based on anthropometric characteristics of its population, is briefly reviewed. The vicious cycle between poverty, undernutrition and an increased vulnerability for over-nutrition and related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is explained and hypothesised to be a major determinant of the coexistence of under-nutrition and over-nutrition in developing countries. In South Africa the coexistence of under-nutrition and over-nutrition underlies a double burden of high morbidity and mortality from both infectious and noncommunicable diseases, which is further exacerbated by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. Clearly, it would be difficult to escape this intergenerational vicious circle of poverty and malnutrition, without optimising the nutritional status of all women who plan to become pregnant. There are many psychological reasons, apart from nutrition transition, why people eat more than they need to, including an inherent partiality for refined, sweet, salty and fatty foods. A conceptual framework, based on the constitutional right to food and nutrition security, is proposed to guide policy makers to plan holistic, integrated, transdisciplinary and multisectorial interventions to address under-nutrition and over-nutrition simultaneously.Individuals should be empowered, facilitated and motivated by appropriate education and training programmes and by strategies to improve socio-economic situations to be able to buy or produce food and to make healthy choices. This food environment will be created only if there is a common agenda, or even legislation, to improve the nutritional status in multisectorial and transdisciplinary programmes. The Directorate of Nutrition in the South African Department of Health has an excellent integrated nutrition strategy, but lacks the required implementation capacity. More public health nutritionists should be trained and other health professionals should be better equipped to implement nutritional interventions in all poverty alleviation and health promotion programmes.
Highlights
Die onlangse hoëvlak samesprekings in New York oor die onvermoë van verskeie wêreldstreke om vordering te maak in die bereiking van die Millennium Ontwikkelingsdoelwitte (MODe) teen 2015, het weereens die aandag gevestig op armoede en wanvoeding in ontwikkelende lande (Schuftan 2010; Waage et al 2010)
Laasgenoemde twee is die gevolg van onvoldoende huishoudelike voedselsekerheid, onvoldoende moederversorging en kinderversorging, gebrekkige gesondheidsdienste en ’n onhigiëniese omgewing
Oorvoeding in ontwikkelende lande is verwant aan die voedingsoorgang as gevolg van ekonomiese ontwikkeling soos hieronder verduidelik sal word
Summary
Die voedingsoorgang in Suid-Afrika: ’n Uitdaging vir verbeterde voeding en die verligting van armoede. Ekonomiese ontwikkeling en modernisering het ’n verandering in leefstyl en eetpatrone veroorsaak wat tot oorgewig en verwante siektes lei, voordat die probleem van ondervoeding opgelos is. Individuals should be empowered, facilitated and motivated by appropriate education and training programmes and by strategies to improve socio-economic situations to be able to buy or produce food and to make healthy choices This food environment will be created only if there is a common agenda, or even legislation, to improve the nutritional status in multisectorial and transdisciplinary programmes. Oorvoeding in ontwikkelende lande is verwant aan die voedingsoorgang as gevolg van ekonomiese ontwikkeling soos hieronder verduidelik sal word. ’n Derde rede is moontlik die onvermoë van die meeste ontwikkelende lande om beleid, selfs goeie beleid, doeltreffend in intervensieprogramme en ontwikkelingsprogramme te implementer, dikwels weens gebrekkige hulpbronne, te min opgeleide mense, ‘n gebrek aan politieke toewyding, of selfs uit onkunde.
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