Abstract
Severe periodontitis is ranked as the sixth most prevalent disease affecting humankind, with an estimated 740 million people affected worldwide. The diagnosis of periodontal diseases mainly relies upon assessment of conventional clinical parameters. However, these parameters reflect past, rather than current, clinical status or future disease progression and, likely, outcome of periodontal treatment. Specific and sensitive biomarkers for periodontal diseases have been examined widely to address these issues and some biomarkers have been translated as point-of-care (PoC) tests. The aim of this review was to provide an update on PoC tests for use in the diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases. Among the PoC tests developed so far, active matrix metalloproteinase-8 has shown promising results in terms of diagnostic and prognostic values. However, further studies are required to increase the sensitivity and specificity via combining more than one biomarker and merging these test kits with periodontal risk assessment tools. Furthermore, the validity of these test kits needs to be investigated by applying the results in further independent studies and the impact on these test kits’, together with the results of risk factors for periodontal diseases, such as diabetes and smoking, also needs to be examined.
Highlights
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases, characterized clinically by loss of attachment, pathological deepening of the gingival sulcus, and formation of periodontal pockets with resorption of supporting alveolar bone [1]
The results indicated that these biomarkers can diagnose advanced periodontitis more accurately in combination than on an individual basis [131]
Capillary blood active matrix metalloproteinase 8 (aMMP8) assayed by Lateral flow mouth rinse immunoassay test and digital reader
Summary
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases, characterized clinically by loss of attachment, pathological deepening of the gingival sulcus, and formation of periodontal pockets with resorption of supporting alveolar bone [1]. The effects of periodontitis are not confined locally to the periodontium, and the association with various systemic diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancers, and Alzheimer’s disease, has been suggested [3,4,5,6]. The destruction of periodontal tissues is slow, being characterized by periods of disease activity and remission without obvious alarming symptoms. Gingivitis may progress to periodontitis and the early diagnosis of gingivitis is an effective way for decreasing the risk of developing periodontitis [7]
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