Diagnosing Coeliac Disease During Mass-Screening of General Paediatric Population: Is Biopsy Avoidable?

Abstract

Studies evaluating the correlation between tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin antibody (TGA-IgA) levels and the degree of enteropathy in screening-detected coeliac disease (CD) patients from the general childhood population are scarce. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the correlation between the TGA-IgA titre and the degree of enteropathy and to evaluate whether the no-biopsy approach to diagnose CD in symptomatic patients proposed by the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition could be extended to asymptomatic CD patients diagnosed during mass screening studies. The present study is a sub-study of a cross-sectional mass screening study, "Exploring the Iceberg of Coeliacs in Saudi Arabia", conducted among school-aged children (6-15 years) in 2014-2015. The 93 biopsy-confirmed CD patients constituted the study cohort of the present study (mean age 11.4 ± 2.6 years; 24 males). TGA-IgA titres and endomysial antibodies (EMA) at the time of biopsy and grade of enteropathy were assessed, and human leukocyte antigen DQ 2.2/2.5/8 genotyping was performed. Thirty-four patients had TGA-IgA titres >10× upper limit of normal (ULN; 36%); all had villous atrophy with positive EMA and DQ 2.2/2.5/8. The sensitivity and specificity of a TGA-IgA titre >10× ULN in correctly diagnosing CD was 100%. There was a significant positive correlation between the anti-TGA-IgA titre and the severity of enteropathy (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the TGA-IgA titre between the asymptomatic and symptomatic CD patients. Our results provide evidence that a TGA-IgA titre >10× ULN correlates with villous atrophy in CD patients detected by mass screening.