Abstract
Diabetes can involve several ocular structures -- including the cornea, lens, and retina -- and cause vascular and nerval changes in these tissues. Although retinopathy is the most common ocular complication of diabetes, uveopathy can also be observed in patients with diabetes. These include vascular, neural, muscular, and basement membrane changes. The main clinical manifestations of diabetic uveopathy are anterior uveitis and abnormal pupillary dynamics. Fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography are ideal for the imaging of vascular changes of the iris and choroid, while dynamic pupillometry is a simple screening tool to detect neuropathy. Additionally, ultrasound biomicroscopy can provide clear images of the ciliary body. Iris abnormalities primarily include angiopathy and neuropathy and can appear as alterations in vascular diameter, neovascularization, and abnormal pupillary dynamics. Choroidal abnormalities primarily develop in blood vessels, including alterations in vascular diameter, microaneurysm formation and neovascularization. The abnormal manifestations of the ciliary body include a decrease in vessel count, alterations in their diameter, isolated angiomatous dilatation, and diffuse thickening of the basal membrane of the pigment epithelium.
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