Abstract
Riptortus pedestris (Heteroptera: Alydidae), an important crop pest, is capable of entering reproductive adult diapause under short-day photoperiods. Though the physiological aspects of adult diapause have been well studied in this species, little is known about its morphological development. In the present study, the adult females are discriminated as prediapause and prereproductive based on the absence and presence of mature oocytes in ovarioles, respectively. We also measured the morphological development of vitellarium and lateral oviduct in females, and the accessory gland, ejaculatory duct, and testes in males of both prereproductive and prediapause adults. Our results revealed that there is a clear significant difference in the reproductive development of prediapause and prereproductive insects. Moreover, the internal morphology of reproductive organs was suppressed in prediapausebugs compared to prereproductive bugs, and the insects developedthe reproductive parts as newly emerged adults. The above findings provide basic knowledge on the characterization of diapause and reproductive R. pedestris adults, which would be applicable to molecular investigations.
Highlights
Reproductive development is a universal event that takes place under favorable environmental conditions [1]
The results showed that long-day(16L:8D)photoperiods promote reproductive development in prereproductive females, where their ovaries were developedsystemically and filled with blue yolk deposition (Figure 1A), whereas the ovarian development in prediapause females wassuppressed under short-day (12L:12D)
The internal reproductive system of female R. pedestris is very simple and identical to Perillus bioculatus—a pair of ovaries containing nineovarioles in each ovary, which arefused in each median oviduct
Summary
Reproductive development is a universal event that takes place under favorable environmental conditions [1]. In response to change in environmental conditions, insects undergo an alternative period of suppression in reproductive development rather than developing into a reproductive one [2]. Tosynchronizewith the environmental conditions, insects adopt several strategies, including altering their behavioral response (migration, reconstructingamicrohabitat, or digging into the soil), suppression in hormonal regulation, or undergoing diapause. Among these strategies, reproductive diapause is a very common state adopted by many species of insects, including Coleoptera, Blattaria, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera [4]. Insects undergo a period of arrestment by reducing the regulation of hormones and suppressing reproductive development [3,5]. This kind of suppression program does not proceed abruptly; rather, it is induced by a series of systematic events that occur in theprediapausephaseof an insect [6]
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