Abstract
IntroductionRetinoic acids are essential for embryonic development, tissue organization, and homeostasis and act via retinoic acid receptors (RARs) that form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs). Human RARs and RXRs include the three subtypes α, β, and γ, which have varying distributions and physiological functions among human tissues. Recent reports show that subtype-specific binding of several chemicals to RARs or RXRs may lead to endocrine disruption. To evaluate these ligand-like chemicals, convenient assay systems for each receptor subtype are required. MethodsWe developed reporter assay yeasts to screen ligands for RXR subtype receptor homodimers. To screen RAR ligands, yeasts were engineered to express RAR subtypes with defective RXRα, which fails to bind to coactivators because of its shortened c-terminus. ResultsThese assay yeasts were validated using known RXR- and RAR-specific ligands and subtype-specific responses were clearly shown. Subtype-specific ligand activities of the suspected chemical RAR or RXR ligands o-t-butylphenol, triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, and 4-nonylphenol were determined. DiscussionThe present assay yeasts may be valuable tools for subtype-specific assessments of unidentified environmental ligand chemicals and receptor-specific pharmaceuticals.
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