Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and related bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) have shown impressive developments for many purposes over the past decade (Kalathil et al. 2012; Han et al. 2013, 2014, 2016). Even with the noticeable improvements in power density, the large-scale application of MFCs is still limited due to the low power generation and high cost (Wei et al. 2011). To take this technology from laboratory-scale research to commercial applications, the cost and the performance of these systems need to be optimized further. The anode electrode plays an important role in the performance and cost of MFCs. The electrode materials in MFCs have some general and individual characteristics. In general, electrode materials must have good conduction, excellent biocompatibility, good chemical stability, high mechanical strength and low cost. The anode material design has attracted an enormous number of studies over the past decade.
Published Version
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