Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely studied in recent decades owing to its effectiveness in killing cancer cells. By utilizing a photosensitizer and irradiating it with light of a specific wavelength, the photosensitizer can be activated to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through energy transfer processes in the presence of molecular oxygen. The ROS are responsible for causing damage, inhibiting cancer cell growth and even killing the cancer cells. Understandably, just like other cancer treatments, PDT is an intriguing idea that requires consistent refining to improve on the constraints such as photostability, selectivity and tissue penetration. It is a powerful means of treatment as the oxidizing power of ROS and strong and non-discriminative and the PDT process is minimally invasive. However, it is crucial to ensure (1) the ROS is generated at the desired regions of interests to avoid undesired damage to healthy cells and (2) the photosensitizer is sufficiently stable in its journey to reach the regions of interest.
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