Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to develop Paper-based Analytical Devices (PADs) with colorimetric method as a presumptive test for detecting diazepam in urine
 Methods: Colorimetric method was used as a principle of this study. PADs were fabricated with wax-printing methods. Chosen colorimetric reagent was tested for selectivity with hydromorphone and codeine; and sensitivity by measuring the absorbance with UV-Vis spectrophotometer. PADs were tested for its sensitivity and stability. The intensity of color developed on PADs are measured with ImageJ. The ability of PADs to detect diazepam in urine was simulated with testing spiked urine sample to the PADs
 Results: Zimmermann gave the most obvious prominent color change from colorless to purple-red color out of the four reagents. PAD is selective to diazepam when tested with hydromorphone and codeine. PAD is sensitive with a cut-off concentration at 100 ppm. PAD can detect diazepam in urine with the highest recovery percent at 92.8%±4,6
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that PAD is quite selective and sensitive to detect diazepam in urine and can be done easily and fast for onsite analysis
Highlights
Drug abuse is an act of drug consumption that can harm the user and the environment around them [1] and is often linked with addiction [2]
Several methods that earlier have been employed for diazepam determination are spectrophotometric [7, 8], Raman spectroscopy [9], thin layer chromatography (TLC) [10], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [11, 12], and GC-MS [13, 14]
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) with colorimetric detection can be the solution to this problem
Summary
Drug abuse is an act of drug consumption that can harm the user and the environment around them [1] and is often linked with addiction [2]. Investigations are needed to control drug abuse These investigations are usually divided into two steps: a presumptive test followed by a confirmation test [6]. Several methods that earlier have been employed for diazepam determination are spectrophotometric [7, 8], Raman spectroscopy [9], thin layer chromatography (TLC) [10], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [11, 12], and GC-MS [13, 14]. Most of them need sample preparation, expensive instrumentation and skilled operators Because some of these methods are time-consuming, they cannot be used for on-site analysis. Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) with colorimetric detection can be the solution to this problem
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