Abstract
This study proposes a multi-objective optimal design approach for water distribution systems, considering mechanical system redundancy under multiple pipe failure. Mechanical redundancy is applied to the system’s hydraulic ability, based on the pressure deficit between the pressure requirements under abnormal conditions. The developed design approach shows the relationships between multiple pipe failure states and system redundancy, for different numbers of pipe-failure conditions (e.g., first, second, third, …, tenth). Furthermore, to consider extreme demand modeling, the threshold of the demand quantity is investigated simultaneously with multiple pipe failure modeling. The design performance is evaluated using the mechanical redundancy deficit under extreme demand conditions. To verify the proposed design approach, an expanded version of the well-known benchmark network is used, configured as an ideal grid-shape, and the multi-objective harmony search algorithm is used as the optimal design approach, considering construction cost and system mechanical redundancy. This optimal design technique could be used to propose a standard for pipe failure, based on factors such as the number of broken pipes, during failure condition analysis for redundancy-based designs of water distribution systems.
Highlights
The paradigm of water distribution systems (WDSs) design has changed from a minimum cost design, which satisfies standard hydraulic conditions such as minimum node pressure and maximum pipe velocity, to a design concept that considers system resilience to cope with uncertain future system conditions
The technique was used for the multi-objective optimal design of WDSs considering different orders of pipe failure, and mechanical redundancy was evaluated by applying fire-flow conditions
The developed design approach reflected the relationships between the pipe failure order and network layout, and system hydraulic ability (SHA) under abnormal conditions was used to evaluate the mechanical redundancy deficit resulting from fire-flow conditions
Summary
The paradigm of water distribution systems (WDSs) design has changed from a minimum cost design, which satisfies standard hydraulic conditions such as minimum node pressure and maximum pipe velocity, to a design concept that considers system resilience to cope with uncertain future system conditions. Mathematical approaches have been used for the optimal design of WDSs [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Most of these (e.g., linear programming, non-linear programming, and dynamic programming) have some limitations in terms of the domain of feasible solutions, flow direction of pipes, and non-linear relation energy Equation [11,12,13].
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