Development of Heavy Metal Potentiostat for Batik Industry

Siti Nur Hanisah Umar,Noorfazreena M Kamaruddin,Mohammad Nishat Akhtar,Abdul Rahim Othman,Elmi Abu Bakar

doi:10.3390/app10217804

Siti Nur Hanisah Umar, Noorfazreena M Kamaruddin + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217804

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Abstract

The consumption of reactive dyes in the batik industry has led to a severe concern in monitoring the heavy metal level in wastewater. Due to the necessity of implementing a wastewater monitoring system in the batik factory, a Heavy Metal potentiostat (HMstat) was designed. The main goal of this study is to understand the optimal design concept of the potentiostat function in order to investigate the losses of accuracy in measurement using off-the-shelf devices. Through lab-scale design, the HMstat comprises of an analog potentiostat read-out circuit component (PRCC) and a digital control signal component (CSC). The PRCC is based on easy to use components integrated with a NI-myRIO controller in a CSC. Here, the myRIO was equipped with built-in analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog converter (DAC) components. In this paper, the accuracy test and detection of cadmium(II) (Cd2+) and lead(II) (Pb2+) were conducted using the HMstat. The results were compared with the Rodeostat (an open source potentiostat available on the online market). The accuracy of the HMStat was higher than 95% and within the precision rate of the components used. The HMstat was able to detect Cd2+ and Pb2+ at −0.25 and −0.3 V, respectively. Similar potential peaks were obtained using Rodeostat (Cd2+ at −0.25 V and Pb2+ at −0.3 V).

Highlights

Introduction and backgroundBatik is a traditional handmade textile craft in the cottage industry [1]
Five different types of reactive dyes were studied in [5], and the results reported that each reactive dye contains heavy metal elements of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and copper (Cu)
The control signal component (CSC) is based on NI myRIO, which is equipped with built-in analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog converter (DAC) provided with a bipolar input/output voltage channel up to ±10 V

Summary

Introduction

Batik is a traditional handmade textile craft in the cottage industry [1]. This industry has contributed positively to economic growth, especially in Kelantan and Terengganu in Malaysia, and has become one of the main attractions of foreign and local tourists [2]. Batik factories are known to generate a large amount of wastewater included wax, resin, sodium, silicate, and dyes. The presence of dyes is one of the main concerns in wastewater [3]. Among all types of dyes, reactive dyes are preferred due to their convenience, transparency, and brilliant color along with ease of textile fastening [4]. Zn and Cr are essential elements, and small doses are required by living organisms to maintain various biochemical and physiological functions [6,7,8,9], while the others are non-essential elements which are highly toxic and harmful to human health and the environment, even at low concentrations [6,7]

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