DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIQUE COLONY CITIES OF THE BLACK SEA IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD

Abstract

a brief description of the origins of historical and architectural education and the development of Greek colonial cities on the shores of the Black Sea (Pontus of Euxinus), who lived during the Hellenistic period. The analysis of the phenomena that influenced the formation of ancient colonial cities is carried out. This is due to the geological work of the sea changing the contours of the coast, as well as the influence of the Black Sea currents. This influenced the features of trade and economic relationsof the colonial cities. Thus the shortest sea path was routed from Tauric Chersonesos to Kallatis and Hercules, which shortened the sea route by several times due to the associated current. The presence of deep bays created favorable conditions for sailors, which attracted Greek immigrants. Architecture was an important factor of influence and a means of spreading Greek culture in policies and subordinate local areas. Urban development was similar to the construction of the Mediterranean ancient states, sculpture was widely used in the design of cities-policies, the order system of construction was used, the streets were clearly planned, the cities had a water supply and drainage system.To select the area for founding the city, following necessary factorswere taken into account: a bay convenient for the port; trade routes and deep fairways; fertile land and the availability of sources of drinking water; elevated place, taking into account defensive capabilities; the availability of building material; natural resources.The Greeks in the metropolis laid the foundation for many important branches of science. They laid the foundations of geometry, mechanics and statics, which created the basis for the development of engineering science in the construction of harbors, cities, bridges, dams and other structures.The Bosporan cities have never reached the level of large cities of Ancient Hellas in architectural decoration and urban planning; they were much smaller and poorer. Nevertheless, the local residents sought to immediately show that they were following the general Greek traditions both in religion and in the arrangement of cities.In the construction of public and residential buildings, wall or post-beam systems were used. For the construction of buildings, immigrants used local building material: clay, raw brick and stone-shell rock. Burnt brick was used mainly for decorating the building. For the construction of galleries and porticoes, wooden structures were widely used. The main decoration of the buildings was considered the classic Doric order. The ceiling was formed with the help of crossbeams -architraves supported by columns. At the end of the architraves, other beams were laid, at the ends of which triglyphs could be formed, at the top of which another crossbar was placed.Roofs were usually gable, sometimes pent. The supporting elements were the beams on which the ridge beam and the supporting rafters rested. For roofing, marble or ceramic tiles were used.Urban development was similar to the construction of the Mediterranean ancient states, sculpture was widely used in the design of cities-policies, the order system of construction was used, the streets were clearly planned, the cities had a water supply and drainage system. The cities were surrounded by ramparts of raw brick or natural stone with battle towers and fortified gates.City temples (dwellings of the gods) were located on the heights of the city or in its central part. They were built on a three-stage stone platform, the front door was high double-winged, always strictly oriented to the east. Architecture was an important factor of influence and a means of spreading Greek culture in policies and in subordinate local areas.Keywords: Pont Evksinsky, city-polis, architectural structures, antique construction.