Abstract
The present research is based on the fabrication preparation of CS/PVA/GG blended hydrogel with nontoxic tetra orthosilicate (TEOS) for sustained paracetamol release. Different TEOS percentages were used because of their nontoxic behavior to study newly designed hydrogels’ crosslinking and physicochemical properties. These hydrogels were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and wetting to determine the functional, surface morphology, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic properties. The swelling analysis in different media, degradation in PBS, and drug release kinetics were conducted to observe their response against corresponding media. The FTIR analysis confirmed the components added and crosslinking between them, and surface morphology confirmed different surface and wetting behavior due to different crosslinking. In various solvents, including water, buffer, and electrolyte solutions, the swelling behaviour of hydrogel was investigated and observed that TEOS amount caused less hydrogel swelling. In acidic pH, hydrogels swell the most, while they swell the least at pH 7 or higher. These hydrogels are pH-sensitive and appropriate for controlled drug release. These hydrogels demonstrated that, as the ionic concentration was increased, swelling decreased due to decreased osmotic pressure in various electrolyte solutions. The antimicrobial analysis revealed that these hydrogels are highly antibacterial against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. The drug release mechanism was 98% in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) media at pH 7.4 in 140 min. To analyze drug release behaviour, the drug release kinetics was assessed against different mathematical models (such as zero and first order, Higuchi, Baker–Lonsdale, Hixson, and Peppas). It was found that hydrogel (CPG2) follows the Peppas model with the highest value of regression (R2 = 0.98509). Hence, from the results, these hydrogels could be a potential biomaterial for wound dressing in biomedical applications.
Highlights
A small portion of drugs spread in the body using an old drug dosage method, reaching the desired target area
The absorbance peak at 1020 cm−1 exposed the presence of Si-O-Si, which confirmed the cross-linking of TEOS with chitosan, guar gum, and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
We have reported the preparation of hydrogels by the physical blending of polymer with PVA, crosslinked with TEOS
Summary
A small portion of drugs spread in the body using an old drug dosage method, reaching the desired target area. Various drug delivery systems are used as pharmaceutical devices, but an important research area is hydrogel drug delivery devices [1,2]. Hydrogels are adopted for drug storage and a sustained release rate is necessary for an adequate drug delivery system. Hydrogel consists of three-dimensional chains of polymers, and the nature of these polymers is hydrophilic [3]. Research on hydrogels has increased due to their vast applications in drug delivery systems, biosensors, self-healing materials, tissue engineering, and wound healing bandages [4]. Hydrogels are a combination of synthetic and natural polymers. They are cross-linked with a physical or chemical bond [5,6]
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