Abstract
Residence time distribution (RTD) curves play an essential role in the hydraulic characterization of reactors. Current approaches for obtaining RTD curves in laboratory-scale reactors are time-consuming and subject to large errors. Thus, automated systems to obtain RTD curves in laboratory-scale reactors are of great interest for reducing experimental errors due to human interaction, minimizing experimentation costs, and continuously obtaining experimental data. An automated system for obtaining RTD curves in laboratory-scale reactors was designed, built, and tested in this work. During the tests conducted in a cylindrical upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, the system worked properly using the stimulus–response pulse technique with sodium chloride as a tracer. Four main factors were found to affect the representativeness of the RTD curves: flow stabilization time, test water conductivity, temperature, and surface tension. A discussion on these factors and the corresponding solutions is presented. The RTD curves of the UASB reactor are left-skewed with a typical tank reactor’s flow shape with channeling and dead zones. A transitory flow behavior was evidenced in the reactor, which indicates the influence of internal turbulent flow structures. The system proposed herein is expected to help study the hydraulics of reactors using laboratory-scale models more efficiently.
Highlights
Water and wastewater treatment systems depend on physical unit operations and chemical or biological unit processes that are conducted in vessels where reactions take place, which are known as “reactors”
Obtaining Residence time distribution (RTD) curves that adequately represent a reactor’s hydraulic characteristics is a complex task, as several factors affect the quality of the results
The system was tested in a cylindrical upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with a radial water inlet
Summary
Water and wastewater treatment systems depend on physical unit operations (e.g., grit removal or clarification) and chemical (e.g., neutralization or chemical oxidation) or biological unit processes (e.g., attached or suspended growth BOD remotion) that are conducted in vessels where reactions take place, which are known as “reactors”. In most reactors, these conditions are not acquired, generating hydraulic conditions that fall between these two idealized and opposite conditions [3]. This divergence from ideal flow occurs due to density currents by thermal or salinity variations, wind-driven circulation patterns, or poor reactor design. These effects can considerably reduce the effective treatment volume of a reactor, directly impacting its treatment performance [4,5,6]
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