Abstract
The Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI) has not been adequately translated to the Arabic language. The aim of this study is the translation and cultural adaption of the English HU-DBI into standard Arabic. The English HU-DBI was translated into Arabic by three bilingual dental academics. A nonmedical professional performed backward translation into English. The three bilinguals compared both English versions and accordingly modified the Arabic version. English and Arabic versions were answered by 58 bilingual participants. Focus groups and cognitive interviews were conducted to pretest the working version, after which the final Arabic version was tested for test–retest validity on 58 dental students. Bilingual validity and test—retest validity were assessed using the kappa statistic. Responses were similar in the English and Arabic versions for bilingual individuals and on both tests in the test–retest sample. Kappa values ranged from 0.85 to 1.00 for bilingual validity and between 0.82 and 1.00 for test–retest reliability. In conclusion, the Arabic HU-DBI will enable the assessment of knowledge and attitudes toward oral diseases and their prevention in Arab countries and will allow meaningful comparisons between different countries in the region.
Highlights
The Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI), developed by Kawamura in 1988 [1], has been shown to be useful for the assessment of oral health attitudes and behaviour and has effectively been utilized for cross-cultural comparisons [2]
The process was performed according to the traditional standard recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation through four separate steps (World Health Organization recommendations) [12]
The English version of the HU-DBI questionnaire (Appendix 1) was submitted to a committee of three bilingual dental academics from the Faculty of Dentistry who were all familiar with the terminology covered by the questionnaire and trained in the use of the instrument
Summary
The Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI), developed by Kawamura in 1988 [1], has been shown to be useful for the assessment of oral health attitudes and behaviour and has effectively been utilized for cross-cultural comparisons [2]. The questionnaire has been successfully translated to English, French, Italian, Korean, and Chinese [3]. Both the original Japanese version and the later developed English version have shown good test–retest reliability [1,4]. Little is known regarding the population’s knowledge and attitudes toward oral diseases and their prevention in comparison to other countries [6]. In a multinational comparison study using the HU-DBI, no Arabicspeaking countries were involved [3]
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