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Abstract
The precise knowledge of the magnetic field produced by dipole magnets is critical to the operation of a synchrotron. Real-time measurement systems may be required, especially in the case of iron-dominated electromagnets with strong non-linear effects, to acquire the magnetic field and feed it back to various users. This work concerns the design and implementation of a new measurement system of this kind currently being deployed throughout the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) accelerator complex. We first discuss the measurement principle, the general system architecture and the technology employed, focusing in particular on the most critical and specialized components developed, that is, the field marker trigger generator and the magnetic flux integrator. We then present the results of a detailed metrological characterization of the integrator, including the aspects of drift estimation and correction, as well as the absolute gain calibration and frequency response. We finally discuss the latency of the whole acquisition chain and present an outline of future work to improve the capabilities of the system.
Highlights
In synchrotrons, precise knowledge of the average bending field in the dipole magnets is essential for transversal and longitudinal beam control [1]
We describe in detail the hardware of the Field Marker FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) and the peak detection algorithm implemented in the FPGA
We introduced the concepts behind the new FIRESTORM B-train systems at CERN, beginning with their role in a synchrotron, their method of operation, as well as the different sensors required for their implementation
Summary
Precise knowledge of the average bending field in the dipole magnets is essential for transversal and longitudinal beam control [1]. The B-train measures the average field of a reference magnet and distributes the result in real-time to various other synchrotron sub-systems as part of a feedback control loop or for diagnostic purposes. The use of B-train systems is not unique to CERN: for instance, similar designs are implemented at ion therapy centres such as the National Centre of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO) [3], MedAustron [4] and the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT) [5] For such applications, real-time feedback control of the magnetic field is instrumental, for example, to reduce dead times that would be otherwise spent pre-cycling the magnets to improve their reproducibility.
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