Abstract
In synchrotrons at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), magnetic measurement systems known as B-trains measure the magnetic field in the main bending magnets in real-time, and transmit this signal for the control of the synchrotron’s RF accelerating cavities, magnet power converter and beam monitoring systems. This work presents an assessment of the capabilities and performance of the new FIRESTORM (Field In REal-time STreaming from Online Reference Magnets) system as part of the first phase of commissioning. A short summary of the architecture of the measurement system is provided first, followed by the definition of an error model which can be used to characterize random and systematic errors separately. We present a procedure for the metrological calibration and qualification of the B-trains, including an experimental evaluation of the different error sources for the four new systems being commissioned in the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB), Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), Proton Synchrotron (PS) and the Extra Low ENergy Antiproton (ELENA) ring. In particular, we discuss a method to calibrate systematic gain and offset errors based on the RF cavity frequency offset needed to center the beam on its theoretical orbit.
Highlights
In particle synchrotrons, the vertical magnetic field produced by the bending magnets is used to guide charged particles along a closed horizontal orbit, determined by the equilibrium of the centrifugal force and the Lorentz force
Similar systems are implemented at the Brookhaven National Laboratory [2] and at several hadrontherapy facilities including the National Centre of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO) [3,4], MedAustron [5,6] and the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT) [7,8]
The coil output voltage is first conditioned by an anti-aliasing RC filter and is acquired by an 18-bit, 2-MHz analog-to-digital converter (ADC), to be integrated numerically in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) [16,17]
Summary
The vertical magnetic field produced by the bending magnets is used to guide charged particles along a closed horizontal orbit, determined by the equilibrium of the centrifugal force and the Lorentz force. Knowledge of the instantaneous value of the magnetic field is essential, especially for the control of the radio-frequency (RF) cavity. Six machines make use of B-train systems: the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB), the Proton Synchrotron (PS) [9], the Antiproton Decelerator (AD), the Extra Low Energy Antiproton (ELENA) [10], and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) [11,12]. The PS can receive either protons or heavy ions, and in this work, the proton case will be considered These are accelerated up to 26 GeV and subsequently sent to the SPS and accelerated to 450 GeV to the LHC. The first four systems completed, i.e. those in the LEIR, PSB, PS and ELENA rings, were tested extensively during the last operating phase of the complex.
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