Development of a New Class of Inhibitors for the Malarial Aspartic Protease Plasmepsin II Based on a Central 7‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Scaffold

Abstract

AbstractPlasmepsin II (PMII), a malarial aspartic protease involved in the catabolism of hemoglobin in parasites of the genus Plasmodium, and renin, a human aspartic protease, share 35% sequence identity in their mature chains. Structures of 4‐arylpiperidine inhibitors complexed to human renin were reported by Roche recently. The major conformational changes, compared to a structure of renin, with a peptidomimetic inhibitor were identified and subsequently modeled in a structure of PMII (Fig. 1). This distorted structure of PMII served as active‐site model for a novel class of PMII inhibitors, according to a structure‐based de novo design approach (Fig. 2). These newly designed inhibitors feature a rigid 7‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane scaffold, which, in its protonated form, is assumed to undergo ionic H‐bonding with the two catalytic Asp residues at the active site of PMII. Two substituents depart from the scaffold for occupancy of either the S1/S3 or S2′‐pocket and the hydrophobic flap pocket, newly created by the conformational changes in PMII. The inhibitors synthesized starting from N‐Boc‐protected 7‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene (6; Schemes 1–5) displayed up to single‐digit micromolar activity (IC50 values) toward PMII and good selectivity towards renin. The clear structureactivity relationship (SAR; Table) provides strong validation of the proposed conformational changes in PMII and the occupancy of the resulting hydrophobic flap pocket by our new inhibitors.