Development of a fast screening method for the direct determination of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in fish oil by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry

Abstract

The occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), mainly organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, was directly associated with several diseases and environmental endocrine disrupting. In the aquatic environment, POPs can accumulate in fish lipoid tissues due to their high hydrophobicity, and become this way one of the main sources of human exposure to POPs through the consumption of fish meat and oil as Omega-3 source. Chlorine might serve as a proxy for the presence of POPs, and a fast screening of chlorine in a complex matrix, such as fish oil, could provide substantial information about the contamination with POPs. Therefore, a method has been developed in this work for the determination of total chlorine in fish oil samples via molecular absorption of the strontium mono-chloride molecule in the gas phase using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry. The effect of zirconium as permanent chemical modifier in the pyrolysis and vaporization stages was optimized in order to avoid the need for any kind of sample preparation prior to the determination of total chlorine, using just a dilution with 1-propanol. The accuracy has been evaluated using micro-coulometric titration after sample combustion, and the values were statistically in agreement (95% confidence level) between both techniques. The method has been applied for the determination of total chlorine in five different fractions of a commercial pooled marine fish oil sample collected from the Pacific Ocean, where the majority of the fish is Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), two commercial oils from Brazil and three Omega-3 supplements acquired in Germany. The limit of detection of the procedure is 1.8 ng Cl absolute or 0.9 μg g−1 Cl in the fish oil. The time required for a single determination is less than 5 min, and less than 15 min for a triplicate determination.