Abstract
As attention is drawn towards the monitoring of the so-called emerging pollutants, some common household chemicals are not well researched. Household antimicrobials can also present wastewater treatment challenges if not taken cognisance of. Herein we report the application of a recently reported coupled dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) with supported liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME) for the extraction of triclosan from wastewater. A univariate approach was used to investigate various parameters amenable to DLLME while no attempt was made to optimise the LPME, achieving the following optimum conditions: 25 μL of a 1:1 toluene-chloroform mixture with 10% sodium chloride into 1 mL aqueous triclosan solutions and extraction time of 15 min achieving an enrichment efficiency 167 times the reference solution prepared with distilled water, good linearity (R2 = 0.9946) with the estimated limit of detection at 0.013 μg/mL and good repeatability (%RSD ≤ 10). The method showed considerable ruggedness with a similar linearity (R2 = 0.9957) and repeatability (%RSD < 10), with only the limit of detection being compromised (0.31 μg/mL) when applied to a wastewater sample using a matrix-matched standard addition approach. Although the GC-FID method detected triclosan in the wastewater sample, the results were negated by those from the GC-MS; as such it therefore could not be concluded with confidence whether the water contained any triclosan or not. However, the results demonstrated the potential of this method in determination of triclosan in water-based samples when the extraction was coupled to a more rugged system such as a GC-MS.
Highlights
Environmental monitoring remains a daunting challenge for environmental health practitioners and regulators with the continual entry of new chemical compounds into the ecosystem from various sources, which has resulted in coining of the term ‘emerging pollutants’ (Dimpe and Nomngongo, 2016), owing to the fact that these compounds have not traditionally been of major concern until recently
We report the application of the recently reported coupled dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) with HF-liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME) (Letseka and George, 2016) for the determination of triclosan from wastewater samples obtained from a sewage water pond that is earmarked for production of biogas using microbial degradation of sewage algae
The reported method, LPME coupled with DLLME, has demonstrated sufficient applicability in the determination of triclosan, one of the most commonly used domestic antimicrobials
Summary
Environmental monitoring remains a daunting challenge for environmental health practitioners and regulators with the continual entry of new chemical compounds into the ecosystem from various sources, which has resulted in coining of the term ‘emerging pollutants’ (Dimpe and Nomngongo, 2016), owing to the fact that these compounds have not traditionally been of major concern until recently. Domestic products are some of the least investigated pharmaceuticals as they are not as widely reported as their medical counterparts. The most commonly used antimicrobials include triclocarban and triclosan that are reportedly used in most domestic personal hygiene products such as hand and body washes, toothpastes, mouth rinses, and in fabrics and plastics to inhibit microbial growth (Thompson et al, 2005). Due to their extensive use, these compounds have been detected in human body fluids such as plasma, urine and breast milk (Silva and Nogueira, 2007)
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