Abstract
This paper reviews different modification methods to cathode, anode and electrolyte materials in view of their electrochemical properties for application in lithium/sulfur batteries. In the sulfur electrode, carbonaceous materials, conductive polymer materials, and metal oxide adsorbing materials are employed to enhance conductivity and reduce polysulfide dissolution. The effects of anodes and novel electrolytes, such as gel polymer, solid polymer and solid ceramic electrolytes, are reviewed.
Highlights
General Introduction of Lithium Sulfur BatteriesThe lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have been widely used in the portable electronic devices such as laptops, cameras and cell phones [1,2,3,4]
The Li/S battery yields a high theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mAh·g-1 and theoretical specific energy of 2500 Wh/kg on a weight or volume basis respectively [6], based on the Li/S redox couple, S + 2Li+ + 2eLi2S on the assumption of the complete reaction of lithium with sulfur to Li2S. It differs from conventional lithium batteries For example, the specific capacities of LiMn2O4, LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 are 126, 149 and 180 mAh·g-1, respectively [7], whose values are limited by the extent of lithium intercalation into transition metal oxides [8] - reversible uptake of Li ions and electrons in a solid with minimal change to the structure
A lithium transition-metal oxide or phosphate is used as a positive electrode that re-intercalates Li+ at a high potential with respect to the carbon negative electrode [9]
Summary
The lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have been widely used in the portable electronic devices such as laptops, cameras and cell phones [1,2,3,4]. The Li/S battery yields a high theoretical specific capacity of 1675 mAh·g-1 and theoretical specific energy of 2500 Wh/kg (or 2800 Wh/L) on a weight or volume basis respectively [6], based on the Li/S redox couple, S + 2Li+ + 2eLi2S on the assumption of the complete reaction of lithium with sulfur to Li2S It differs from conventional lithium batteries For example, the specific capacities of LiMn2O4, LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 are 126, 149 and 180 mAh·g-1, respectively [7], whose values are limited by the extent of lithium intercalation into transition metal oxides [8] - reversible uptake of Li ions and electrons in a solid with minimal change to the structure. The high capacity and recharge ability of sulfur can be achieved from the electrochemical cleavage and reformation of a sulfur-sulfur bond in cathode [9]
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