Abstract
This study aimed to develop and test the Japanese version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-J) to investigate its reliability and validity for assessing gambling cognitions in a Japanese sample. Five hundred and thirty-six participants (351 male, 185 female; Mean age = 29.75 years) from a community sample living in Japan were included in the analyses. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that a five-factor model was appropriate for the data (goodness of fit index = .87, comparative fit index = .90, root mean square error of approximation = .07). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .94 for the total scale and ranged from .74 to .85 for the subscales. The concurrent validities for the GRCS-J were also good. Further, the results of a t-test revealed significant gender differences in the GRCS-J subscale scores and the total score. These results indicated that the GRCS-J was a valid and reliable measure for assessing gambling cognitions in a non-clinical Japanese sample.
Highlights
The life-time prevalence of pathological gambling in people who speak English and other European languages has been found to be between 0.8 and 1.2% (Stucki and Rihs-Middel 2007)
Other research identified that gambling-related cognitions were significantly related to Yokomitsu et al Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health (2015) 5:1 gambling severity (Hedge’s g statistic: 0.77 to 2.50) (Goodie and Fortune 2013), and some reviews showed severe gambling symptoms could be associated with other comorbidities (Lorains et al 2011)
The results showed that males had more irrational gambling cognitions than females
Summary
The life-time prevalence of pathological gambling in people who speak English and other European languages has been found to be between 0.8 and 1.2% (Stucki and Rihs-Middel 2007). In Japan, the epidemiological research on pathological gambling has never been conducted. Sato (2008) reported that many pathological gamblers in Japan did not receive medical care or counseling and that pathological gamblers and their families faced gambling-related problems such as financial, legal, and occupational problems. Treatment facilities for pathological gamblers in Japan have been found to be insufficient (Moriyama 2008), and a large number of these gamblers are unable to receive treatment. Gambling research has highlighted the role of gambling-related cognitions in the development and maintenance of gambling habits (e.g., Blaszczynski and Nower 2002). Studies on the habits of heavy gamblers revealed that while playing roulette, lotteries, or blackjack, gamblers were more irrational when predicting outcomes than non-gamblers (Toneatto et al 1997). Other research identified that gambling-related cognitions were significantly related to Yokomitsu et al Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health (2015) 5:1 gambling severity (Hedge’s g statistic: 0.77 to 2.50) (Goodie and Fortune 2013), and some reviews showed severe gambling symptoms could be associated with other comorbidities (Lorains et al 2011)
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