Development and Validation of an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Maduramicin in Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and Evaluate Food Safety.

Xiuge Gao,Pei Teng,Hui Ji,Xiaoxiao Liu,Yawei Qiu,Lin Peng,Shanxiang Jiang,Dawei Guo

doi:10.3390/foods10020301

Abstract

Maduramicin (MAD) is widely introduced into aquatic environments and results in the contamination of fish products. Worryingly, the consumption of MAD-contaminated crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) may induce symptoms of Haff disease. In this study, to monitor this potential contamination and to understand the residue and elimination characteristics of MAD in edible tissues of crayfish, a sensitive and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed, validated, and applied. After extraction with acetonitrile and purification by solid-phase extraction column, multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry with positive ionization mode was used to determine MAD’s residues. The limits of detection and of quantification were 6 μg·kg−1 and 20 μg·kg−1, respectively. The fortified recoveries ranged from 74.2% to 110.4%, with relative standard deviation of 1.2% to 10.1%. Furthermore, MAD was completely eliminated after 3 and 5 days from abdominal muscle and hepatopancreas tissues of crayfish, respectively. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) of MAD respectively was 200 μg·kg−1 in muscle and 600 μg·kg−1 in the hepatopancreas, and its withdrawal time in both edible tissues was 25.8 °C·d. Collectively, the results of this study indicate the proposed method is an efficient tool to evaluate the public health risk associated with crayfish consumption.

Highlights

Veterinary antibiotics are used extensively to control infectious diseases and thereby promote the safety and growth of animals in the livestock/poultry industry worldwide.owing to the rapidly increasing demand for animal-derived protein foods, the use of veterinary antibiotics in meat production is reaching very high levels
China has partially banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in feed because of increasing microbial resistance to drugs, coccidiostats are still approved as feed additives for controlling coccidiosis and promoting chickens’ growth in China
Because of poor absorption in the gut, more than 80% of ionophore polyether antibiotics (IPAs) are excreted in the feces, and IPAs are primarily introduced into aquatic environments through the direct discharge of fecal wastes [2,3]

Summary

Introduction

Veterinary antibiotics are used extensively to control infectious diseases and thereby promote the safety and growth of animals in the livestock/poultry industry worldwide.owing to the rapidly increasing demand for animal-derived protein foods, the use of veterinary antibiotics in meat production is reaching very high levels. China has partially banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in feed because of increasing microbial resistance to drugs, coccidiostats are still approved as feed additives for controlling coccidiosis and promoting chickens’ growth in China (Announcement No. 194, of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China). Because of poor absorption in the gut, more than 80% of IPAs are excreted in the feces, and IPAs are primarily introduced into aquatic environments through the direct discharge of fecal wastes [2,3]. These IPAs are highly stable in animal feces and have strong potential for transport from manure to soils and surface waters [4]

Methods

Results

Conclusion