Abstract
Environmental context Dimethylsulfide, a trace gas produced by oceanic plankton, is a key chemical species in the global cycles of sulfur and aerosols, with implications that span marine ecology to climate regulation. Knowledge of what governs dimethylsulfide production in the surface ocean depends on our ability to measure concentration changes over time and depth. We describe a sampling and analytical system that provides continuous shipboard measurements of dimethylsulfide concentrations in high-resolution vertical profiles. Abstract A sampling and analytical system has been developed for shipboard measurements of high-resolution vertical profiles of the marine trace gas dimethylsulfide (DMS). The system consists of a tube attached to a conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) probe with a peristaltic pump on deck that delivers seawater to a membrane equilibrator and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (Eq-APCIMS). This allows profiling of DMS concentrations to a depth of 50m, with a depth resolution of 1.3–2m and a detection limit of nearly 0.1nmolL–1. The seawater is also plumbed to allow parallel operation of additional continuous instruments, and simultaneous collection of discrete samples for complementary analyses. A valve alternates delivery of seawater from the vertical profiler and the ship’s underway intake, thereby providing high-resolution measurements in both the vertical and horizontal dimensions. Tests conducted on various cruises in the Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans show good agreement between the Eq-APCIMS measurements and purge and trap gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) and demonstrate that the delivery of seawater from the underway pump did not significantly affect endogenous DMS concentrations. Combining the continuous flow DMS analysis with high-frequency hydrographic, optical, biological and meteorological measurements will greatly improve the spatial–temporal resolution of seagoing measurements and improve our understanding of DMS cycling.
Highlights
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is ubiquitous in the pelagic ocean and plays a key role in the global sulfur cycle.[1,2,3] The knowledge gained in recent decades about this volatile sulfur compound and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is of such extent that they are some of the best-studied organic substances in the world’s ocean
In order to determine the optimal averaging time we used 6.2 h of continuous, near-surface underway measurements conducted in the Mediterranean Sea on the R/V Garcia del Cid, with the ship closely following a pair of surface Lagrangian drifters
The resolution of the profiling system can be improved by varying the pumping and profiling rates, and improving the time response of the Eq-APCIMS and its sensitivity
Summary
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is ubiquitous in the pelagic ocean and plays a key role in the global sulfur cycle.[1,2,3] The knowledge gained in recent decades about this volatile sulfur compound and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is of such extent that they are some of the best-studied organic substances in the world’s ocean. Vertical profiles of DMS concentration are obtained from discrete samples and measured manually using nonautomated instruments (e.g. GC), with a depth resolution of several meters and a time resolution of hours between casts.
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