Abstract
Stingless bees are insects which are popularly bred by agriculturists in the eastern region of Thailand for the pollination of their orchards. The products from stingless bee breeding include bee honey and bee propolis. The objective of this experiment is to study the possibility of developing stingless bee propolis wax into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by the comparison of five surfactants (Brij 721, Cremophor WO 7, Myrj 52, Poloxamer 188, and Tween 80). Each surfactant is used at three concentrations: 10%, 20%, and 30%. A master formula is selected according to the following: physical features, particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment. The results showed that Brij 721 and Myri 52 at 20% can be used in preparing SLN and have good preservation properties for vitamin E (size: 451.2 nm and 416.8 nm, zeta potential: - 24.0 and - 32.7; % EE: 92.32% and 92.00%, resp.). Therefore, they are further developed by adding the following drugs at low solubility: curcumin, ibuprofen, and astaxanthin. It is found that a formula using the surfactants Brij 721 and Myrj 52 at 20% have similar drug entrapment. The entrapment study involves curcumin 82%, ibuprofen 40%, and astaxanthin 67%. Moreover, the cytotoxicity test of blank solid lipid nanoparticle found no toxicty in fibroblast cell line (CRL-2522). Therefore, from this study, it is determined that stingless bee propolis wax has the potential to be developed to provide more efficient SLN in the future.
Highlights
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been an interesting pharmaceutical delivery system since 1990. e system is composed of wax with a solid status at room temperature and body temperature, a surfactant, and water, creating lipid nanoparticles with features including a solid matrix [1].ere are important drugs spread throughout
Characteristics of Stingless Bee Wax by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). e FTIR spectrum of stingless bee wax is shown in Figure 1 and Table 2
Stingless bee wax has important points that consist of peaks at the point of 2800–2900, which is the sp3 C-H stretching peak of CH2 and CH3. is result represents the functional alkanes or alkyl (C-H) peak at the point of 1400, which is the sp3 C-H bending peak, while the peak shown at 1670–1780 is C O stretching, which indicates a carbonyl functional group (C O). e results show that stingless bee wax is a major component of fatty acids
Summary
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been an interesting pharmaceutical delivery system since 1990. e system is composed of wax with a solid status at room temperature and body temperature, a surfactant, and water, creating lipid nanoparticles with features including a solid matrix [1].ere are important drugs spread throughout. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been an interesting pharmaceutical delivery system since 1990. E system is composed of wax with a solid status at room temperature and body temperature, a surfactant, and water, creating lipid nanoparticles with features including a solid matrix [1]. Particle size is mostly in the range of 50–500 nanometers [2,3,4]. Solid wax is used at 0.1–30%w/ w in formulas. Wax with a melting point higher than 40°C is popularly used because the product will be stable at room temperature and not melt . Pharmaceutical products transported to tropical countries use such wax. More than one type of wax can be used, such as triglyceride, Glyceryltristearate (Dynasan 118), Glycerylbehenate
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