Development and Characterization of Fe3O4@Carbon Nanoparticles and Their Biological Screening Related to Oral Administration.

Daniel Pop,Elena-Alina Moacă,Fran Nekvapil,Roxana Buzatu,Ștefana Avram,Anca Jivănescu,Claudia Geanina Watz,Marius Octavian Crețu,Simona Cîntă Pînzaru,Lucian Barbu Tudoran,Mirela Nicolov,Cristina Adriana Dehelean,Camelia Szuhanek

doi:10.3390/ma14133556

Abstract

The current study presents the effect of naked Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles obtained by the combustion method on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and primary gingival keratinocytes (PGKs)—relevant cell lines of buccal oral mucosa. In this regard, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) development via combustion method and characterization of nanosized magnetite particles with carbon on their surface, (ii) biocompatibility assessment of the obtained magnetic nanoparticles on HGF and PGK cell lines and (iii) evaluation of possible irritative reaction of Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles on the highly vascularized chorioallantoic membrane of a chick embryo. Physicochemical properties of Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles were characterized in terms of phase composition, chemical structure, and polymorphic and molecular interactions of the chemical bonds within the nanomaterial, magnetic measurements, ultrastructure, morphology, and elemental composition. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of magnetite as phase pure without any other secondary phases, and Raman spectroscopy exhibit that the pre-formed magnetic nanoparticles were covered with carbon film, resulting from the synthesis method employed. Scanning electron microscopy shown that nanoparticles obtained were uniformly distributed, with a nearly spherical shape with sizes at the nanometric level; iron, oxygen, and carbon were the only elements detected. While biological screening of Fe3O4@Carbon nanoparticles revealed no significant cytotoxic potential on the HGF and PGK cell lines, a slight sign of irritation was observed on a limited area on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo.

Highlights

Nowadays, nanotechnology is defined as a science of technology, which refers to the ability to engineer and utilizes materials as well as devices, at the nanometer level, with dimensions between 1–100 nm
Of great interest to most researchers dealing with nanotechnology science are nanoparticles due to the fact that the most of the research works reported in the literature have focused to interconnect the engineered science of these nanomaterials with medical problems
Nanotechnology provides new perspectives in dental medicine to overcome challenging issues caused by complex human diseases and a huge opportunity for the development of new dental products that could be applied in restorative dentistry, implantology, periodontics, edentulism, and even in oral cancers

Summary

Introduction

Nanotechnology is defined as a science of technology, which refers to the ability to engineer and utilizes materials as well as devices, at the nanometer level, with dimensions between 1–100 nm. Nano-dentistry refers to the development of new nanomaterials or devices which are planned to be in the first place in contact with buccal cavity flavoring the unpleasant breath, in contact with the teeth, cleaning them, changing their appearance, preserving and improving dental health Due to their unique and distinct biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, nanomaterials, more exactly nanoparticles, can be used in restorative dentistry, prosthetic dentistry, endodontics, implantology, biomineralization, oral cancers, and periodontology [26]. Carbon-based nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, have generated interest in the dentistry field because they lead to an improvement of strength of implants and composite materials, increase cell adhesion and proliferation, and provide protection against bacteria [28] Graphene oxide, another nanocarbon material, is a useful nanomaterial for regenerative dentistry and bone tissue engineering due to its physicomechanical properties; antimicrobial properties; low toxicity; ability to act as drug carriers toward specific organs and antitumor agents for oral cancer [29]. The toxicity of silver nanoparticles is due to the activity of free silver ions released into the medium [30]; ZnO nanoparticles show cytotoxicity against human gingival fibroblasts, human embryonic lung fibroblasts, and gastric epithelial and neural stem cells [31,32]; gold

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