The Biological Effects of Ozone Gas on Soft and Hard Dental Tissues and the Impact on Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Gingival Keratinocytes

Alin Daniel Floare,Vlad Tiberiu Alexa,Octavia Iulia Balean,Robert Cosmin Racea,Alexandra Denisa Scurtu,Doina Chioran,Laura-Cristina Rusu,Cristina Adriana Dehelean,Iulia Pinzaru,Daniela Jumanca,Ruxandra Sava Rosianu,Dorina Coricovac,Roxana Buzatu,Atena Galuscan

doi:10.3390/pr9111978

Alin Daniel Floare, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa + Show 12 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111978

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Abstract

Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen, so in the medical field ozone therapy has special effects. Starting from the premise that bio-oxidative ozone therapy reduces the number of bacteria, in the present study two approaches were proposed: to evaluate the biological effects of ozone gas on the tooth enamel remineralization process and to demonstrate its impact on the morphology and confluence of human primary gingival cells, namely keratinocytes (PGK) and fibroblasts (HGF). The ozone produced by HealOzone was applied in vivo to 68 M1s (first permanent molars), both maxillary and mandibular, on the occlusal surfaces at pit and fissure. The molars included in the study recorded values between 13 and 24 according to the DIAGNOdent Pen 2190 scale, this being the main inclusion/exclusion criterion for the investigated molars. Because the gas can make contact with primary gingival cells during the ozonation process, both human gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes were exposed to different doses of ozone (20 s, 40 s, 60 s), and its effects were observed with the Olympus IX73 inverted microscope. The contact of ozone with the human primary gingival cells demonstrates cell sensitivity to the action of ozone, this being higher in fibroblasts compared to keratinocytes, but it is not considered toxic because all the changes are reversible at 48 h after exposure.

Highlights

Ozone (O3 ) is a naturally occurring gaseous molecule that was discovered in the midnineteenth century [1]
Starting from the premise that bio-oxidative ozone therapy reduces the number of bacteria, this study aims to evaluate the biological effects of ozone gas on the tooth enamel remineralization process and to verify the impact of gaseous ozone therapy on the morphology and confluence of human primary gingival cells: keratinocytes (PGK) and fibroblasts (HGF), which represent most of the oral cavity resident cells
Biological ozone therapy can be used as a common measure to prevent tooth decay, to take the tooth out from the risk area, to reduce bacterial plaque from pits and fissure, and to create the premises of the enamel remineralization process

Summary

Introduction

Ozone (O3 ) is a naturally occurring gaseous molecule that was discovered in the midnineteenth century [1]. It is an assembly of three oxygen atoms with a short half-life (40 min at 20 ◦ C) and is highly unstable. Ozone is denser (1.6-fold), has a greater solubility in water (10-fold), and is considered the third most potent oxidant (after fluorine and sulfate) [2]. Ozone acts on bacterial cell membranes by oxidizing lipid and lipoprotein cell components, causing the deterioration of the internal bacterial membrane. All viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) are ozone sensitive, especially those with a lipid coating. Viral component analysis shows the deterioration of polypeptide chains and envelope proteins, which greatly reduces the viral attachment capacity [4,5]

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