Abstract
The Early Years or the Dark Age of Endoscopy Endoscopy is impossible without adequate illumination. Beginning early in the 19th century, several primitive instruments were constructed for endoscopy. l-3 Bozzini (1806) used reflected light from a candle for various specula. Desormeux (1853) used a mixture of alcohol and turpentine (gasogen) to provide light for a cystoscope. In 1868 Kussmaul, taking his cue from sword swallowers, constructed the first rigid gastroscope, using the gasogen lamp. There is no record of any clinical use. In 1882 Billroth’s pupil Mikulicz, with the instrument maker Nietze, developed the first potentially usable gastroscope using a watercooled electrically heated platinum wire loop; however, the instrument was soon abandoned. Rosenheim in 1896, using the same illumination, reported use in patients, but no one else used his instrument and it too was abandoned.
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