Abstract
There is growing interest for the installation of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) to improve stormwater control, increase infiltration of stormwater, and improve receiving water body quality. Planning level tools are needed to inform municipal scale decisions on the type and extent of GSI to apply. Here, a modified methodology is developed for the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to create SWMM for Low Impact Technology Evaluation (SWWM-LITE) that enables municipal scale assessment of stormwater control measure (SCM) performance with minimal input data requirements and low processing time. Hydrologic outputs of SWMM-LITE are compared to those for SWMM and the National Stormwater Calculator (SWC) to assess the performance of SWMM-LITE. Three scenarios including the baseline without SCMs and the installation of varying SCMs were investigated. Across the three scenarios, SWMM-LITE estimates of annual average hydrologic performance (runoff, infiltration, and evaporation) were within +/−0.1% of estimates from a rigorously developed SWMM model in the City of Fort Collins, CO, for an evaluation of 30 years of continuous simulation. Analysis conducted for 2 year (y), 10 y, and 100 y storm events showed less than +/−2.5% difference between SWMM and SWMM-LITE hydrologic outputs. SWC provided reasonable estimates of hydrologic parameters for the case study area, but was designed for site level analyses of performance of SCMs rather than on the municipal scale. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the most sensitive parameters were primarily consistent for the SWMM-LITE and the complete SWMM. SWMM-LITE has low input data requirements and processing time and can be applied for assessing the hydrologic performance of SCMs to inform planning level decisions.
Highlights
Increasing population growth in urban areas has resulted in extensive land use change and increased runoff with negative impacts to receiving water body quality [1]
Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI), sustainable drainage systems (SuDS), low impact development (LID), or the sponge city concept have been under development to achieve goals to mimic pre-development conditions by reducing runoff to stormwater and wastewater collection systems, increasing infiltration to replenish local groundwater, and removing pollutants from stormwater runoff [3,4,5,6]
Analysis was conducted to compare model performance based on hydrologic outputs of a complete Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) model and three variations of SWMM-LITE models
Summary
Increasing population growth in urban areas has resulted in extensive land use change and increased runoff with negative impacts to receiving water body quality [1]. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI), sustainable drainage systems (SuDS), low impact development (LID), or the sponge city concept have been under development to achieve goals to mimic pre-development conditions by reducing runoff to stormwater and wastewater collection systems, increasing infiltration to replenish local groundwater, and removing pollutants from stormwater runoff [3,4,5,6]. While these GSI, SuDS, and LID may come at a higher cost than conventional gray stormwater infrastructure, they offer many social, environmental, and economic co-benefits [7]. SWMM includes the capability to provide continuous simulations of hydrologic performance of various types of stormwater control measures (SCMs), including both gray and green infrastructure
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