Developing three‐dimensional‐phase surface‐based wide area protection centre in a smart grid with renewable resources

Abstract

The complexity of interconnection modern power systems has made them more subject to wide area disturbances that have contributed to several failures of system protection that operate as a standalone and with the multi-zones operation. The high penetration of doubly-fed-induction-generator wind farms in power grid has a negative impact on the operation of the modern system protection while the sensing components of the current signals decay rapidly due to the high crowbar resistance during fault events. Such cases can drop the relays that operate in standalone mode and depend on the current magnitude only. Standalone relays are not a proper solution for the future of protecting large-scale interconnected grid. Wide area monitoring has been developed to enhance the protection schemes but unfortunately it is limited to backup protection application and also work in standalone mode. More than 70% of the wide area disturbances are caused by relay mal-operation due to protection settings and miss-coordination. The concept of the idea does not depend on the short-circuit current magnitude and operates as one-zone. The developed idea is based on describing the dynamic operation of the lines before and after the faults using differential-equations. The differential equations are solved through orbits movement in a phase-diagram.