Abstract
Simple SummaryAs high-value fishery products, cod species are frequently faked by non-cod ones. Genetic fingerprinting is important for both certifying authenticity and traceability of fish species. In this study, we developed a method that combines DNA barcoding and restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) approach for the identification of cod products. Two sequences that contain single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s were identified and these SNPs can be used to distinguish three different cod species, which are Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), and Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides). This SNP-based method will help us to identify the products, which are sold under the name of “Xue Yu” (Cod) in China, and works in parallel with existing fish identification techniques to establish an efficient framework to detect and prevent fraud at all points of the cod commercialization.The increase in the rate of seafood fraud, particularly in the expensive fishes, forces us to verify the identity of marine products. Meanwhile, the definition of cod lacks consistency at the international level, as few standards and effective application methods are capable of accurately detecting cod species. Genetic fingerprinting is important for both certifying authenticity and traceability of fish species. In this study, we developed a method that combines DNA barcoding and the restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) approach for the identification of cod products. We first obtained 6941 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s from 65.6 gigabases (Gb) of RAD-Seq raw data, and two sequences that contain SNPs were finally used to successfully identify three different cod product species, which are Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), and Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides). This SNP-based method will help us to identify the products, which are sold under the name of “Xue Yu” (Cod) in China, and works in parallel with existing fish identification techniques to establish an efficient framework to detect and prevent fraud at all points of the seafood supply chain.
Highlights
Fish consumption has been increasing mainly due to an increase in the attention of consumers towards nutrition and health
This study developed unique single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers based on the restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) and c oxidase I (COI) for the detection of three commercial cod species named as “Xue Yu” in the Chinese supermarket
The primary analyses for species identification using 28 COI sequences and the four available mitogenomes showed which samples were suitable to be used for subsequent analyses as standard cod samples (Table 1)
Summary
Fish consumption has been increasing mainly due to an increase in the attention of consumers towards nutrition and health. This trend leads to more fraudulent practices, which include mislabeling, the substitution of fish with inexpensive or inedible varieties, and fish products of unknown origin [1,2]. The European Union (EU) is one of the global leaders in food traceability It has developed several legal systems such as requiring the scientific name, corresponding commercial name, production process, source of origin, and fishing gear category to be reported on seafood (EU regulation 1379/2013) [3]. Only 42.3% of the samples were Gadiformes, while the others were Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes, or toxic Tetraodontiformes species [8]
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